Sierra Leone and Equatorial Guinea Leadership Analysis

sierra Le whizz and equatorial guinea Leadership AnalysisThis musical composition analyses the impact of poor leadership in sierra Leone, and equatorial greaseball. Africa is the humankinds richest continent in terms of natural resource endowment. Africa contains 50% of the world deposit in Gold, 90% of cobalt, 65% of Manganese, 40% hydroelectric power, billions of acres of land, chromium, and diamonds (Rotberg, 34). However, despite the availability of these natural resources, the African continent is salvage lagging behind in terms of victimization. People atomic number 18 poor, and close governances depend on aid for purposes of meeting their budget deficits (Rotberg, 51). It is most-valuable to check that Africa has millions of talented and skil take innovators, but due to poor leadership, reads ar otiose to hold unto these talents and retain them for purposes of utilizing them. Some bulk blame the problems of Africa to imperialism, and colonialism. According t o scholars, colonialism contend a significant role in advancing the problems of Africa. For instance, Rotberg (27) gives an example of congou, whereby the Belgiums left the field with issue preparing its leaders for independence.As a result of this, Congo is a rural area that is characterized by in iron outing, depravity, and struggle for leadership. However, these allegations are non true, as denoted by Rotberg (27). Shaw (274) denotes that countries such as India, the join States, and even southeast contendd Africa were to a lower place colonialism. However, these countries have developed economies, and some such as United States is the most(prenominal) powerful and richest country in the world. On this basis, the problems of Africa are associated with its poor leadership style. This is witnessed in all of Africa, including Kenya, below chairman Moi, Uganda, chthonic death chair Idi Amin, Sudan, down the stairs chairman Omar el Bashir, Nigeria, under successive mi litary leaderships..Equatorial ginzo is conduct by chairman Teodoro Obiang Mbasogo. This leader is the longest serving President in Africa, having taken power in August 1979, in a bloody coup, against his uncle Francisco Nguema. Equatorial Guinea is found in West Africa, and it is one of Africas largest producers of oil (Lewis, 28). In as much as Equatorial Guinea has one of the highest per capita income in the world, most citizens of this country are reinforcement poverty, they die of preventable diseases such as malaria, are otiose to door basic services such as education, health care, clean drinkable water. Equatorial Guinea has the highest child mortality rates who are under 5 years, in the world. This is because 20% of their children die before reaching the ages of phoebe bird years. The remaining 80% of these children do not have an access of prime(prenominal) health care, and educational facilities. The problems of Equatorial Guinea are blamed on the leadership style of the President Teodoro Obiang Mbasogo (Lewis, 18). For example, President Teodorin Mbasogo is accused of practicing nepotism while employing elderly members of his cabinet and state officials.For example, in the years 2013, President Obiang appointed his firstborn boy, Teodorin Obiang to a cabinet position, and as the second vice president of the state. This is for purposes of preparing his son as his successor, once the president leaves power. Teodorin Obiang is always accused of embezzling millions of dollars of state money, in order to fund his own lavish life style (Solo-Trillo, 139). Teodorin Obiang has been a polemic figure in Equatorial Guinea, and attracting international criticism for spending more than ten million South African rands, on a South African trip that included champagne parties, property renovations, and buying of cars. disciples intrust that the personal fortune of Teodorin Nguema emanates from his corrupt activities connected with gas and oil geogr aphic expedition in Equatorial Guinea (Solo-Trillo, 140).Lewis (37) denotes that the unusual interests of Teodorin Nguema includes two luxurious houses in South Africa, which have a combined value of 50,000,000 South African rands, and house in California estimated to be worth 31,000,000 United States dollars, a home in Paris, and a music recording label. Mr. Teodorin Nguema also has a series of luxurios cars, and in 2008, he bought a sports car estimated at 1,100,000 million euros (Solo-Trillo, 138). Others include a Maserati model estimated at 700,000 euros, and a Bugatti Veyron model (Lewis, 33). However, in the year 2009, the government of France seized these cars, together with his other collections because of corruption claims, and in 2013, these cars were change on an auction.The US government also seized properties belonging to the President and that of its sons, estimated to be valued at 70 million US dollars. In 2012, the United States issued a warrant of arrest against Teodorin Nguema on primes of corruption, and money laundering. The luxurious lifestyle of Teodorin Nguema did not reflect the salary that he was earning as a state minister (Solo-Trillo, 139). The cabinet of President Teodorin also receives billions of undisclosed oil revenues, which ordinarily goes to finance their luxurious lifestyle. In a bid to prevent such kind of information from reaching the existence, the government of President Teodorin Mbasogo constantly harasses the media, and foreign nationals seeking to report on the conditions of Equatorial Guinea (Solo-Trillo, 133).Despite these allegations and accusations against Teodirin Nguema, president Nguema government defended him against them, and even appointed him as the second vice president of Equatorial Guinea, and a possible successor of his father. Other family members holding positions in Guinea include, Gabriel Mbaga, who is another son of the president, and he is the minister in charge of energy and oil, and Cand ido Okomo who heads GEPetrol, the official oil comp either in Equatorial Guinea (Solo-Trillo, 131).It is significant to witness that corruption plays a great role in undermining culture in spite of appearance a given state. This is because the funds that could be channeled to development projects, are misused and stolen, as a result, at that place wont be any money to fund the development projects in the country. It is important to denote that because of nepotism in government appointments, senior officials in the government of President Teodorin are not accountable for their activities (Solo-Trillo, 132). This is because they know that in case they do not deliver, or are engaged in corrupt activities, their patrons, who are high in the government circles, lead protect them. Nepotism and corruption are not the only problem affecting Equatorial Guinea.Another major(ip) problem affecting this country is lack of a free press. local anesthetic journalists in Equatorial Guinea are unable to speak against major scandals and corrupt activities in the country (Solo-Trillo, 125). This is because the press and the media are heavily censored, and at that place is always a risk of reprisal in case the media highlights an issue that does not augur well with the government. It is further important to take in that the local media in Equatorial Guinea are always owned by mickle closer to the President, and on this basis, it is always difficult for them to criticize the policies that the President enacts. Scholar denotes that without free flow of information, it is in truth difficult for a state to progress to economic, political as well as social development.This is because with availability of information, public officials within a given state will be held accountable for their actions, as well as a free and an independent media will promote democracy (Solo-Trillo, 127). It is important to denote that elected countries are characterized by economic growth and dev elopment. Furthermore, the judicial dust of the country is not independent, as the President is considered as the Chief Magistrate. He oversees a body that is responsible for(p) for appointing and dismissing judges, and on this basis, the President cannot be held accountable for his actions (Solo-Trillo, 129). This promotes corruption and lack of responsibility amongst senior government officials, and on this basis, Equatorial Guinea lacks behind in terms of development.Another country that has been typed with poor leadership system is sierra Leone. After approximately 10 years of the civil war in Sierra Leone, the government and the people of Sierra Leone still face a wide variety of challenges, and this includes widespread poverty, weak governance, and systematic corruption (Shaw, 272). The anti-corruption institutions established in Sierra Leone do not have replete resources such as skilled workers to tackle the problems associated with corruption in Sierra Leone. With the p eaceful elections of 2007, there are some positive developments in Sierra Leone in regard to fighting corruption and weak governance in the country. The new government established in 2007 has been able to strengthen the capabilities of the countrys anti-corruption commission, and its ability to prosecute high level corruption cases (Shaw, 279). The country also boosts of an independent media that is free from government regulation and censorship. The country also benefits from a good international image, with an increase in international investors within the country.However, it is important to denote that the road to political stability and economic development in Sierra Leone has not been easy. This is because since independence the political leadership in Sierra Leone was characterized by corruption, nepotism, a weak social society, electoral violence, and a founder of the countrys education system (Shaw, 281). It is important to pick up that Sierra Leone gained independence fro m the United Kingdom in 1961. It is important to understand that during the first four years after independence, Sierra Leone under the leadership of Milton Margai was prosperous (Shaw, 276). This is because Milton Margai, the first prime minister saw leadership as a chance to serve the people, as opposed to following self-centered interests. However, after his death in 1964, the new leadership of Sierra Leone, led by Albert Margai was undemocratic, corrupt, and they practiced nepotism.For example, in the 1967 elections of Sierra Leone, Albert Margai could not tolerate any person opposing his party. He used violence and threats to intimidate the confrontation parties into submission (Bangura and Marda, 22). It is important to understand that due to corrupt related activities, there were riots in Sierra Leone, leading to the fall of Albert Margai. After the fall of Albert Margai, the army under Steven Sisaka carried out a coup, and installed Steven Sisaka as the new leader of Sier a Leone. This was in April 1968. Sierra Leone was characterized by military coups that replaced one military leader, with another (Bangura and Marda, 41). It is important to denote that with the entry of Sisaka Steven, a military leader, Sierra Leone turned into a one party state, as opposed to the constitutional democracy it was, during the leadership of the Margais. The leadership of Sisaka Stevens saw the destruction of the parliament, and any other forms of accountability such as the judiciary and other governance institutions.The leadership style of Stevens was characterized by executions, torture, control of information, and corruption. In 1985, Major General Joseph Momoh took power from Sisaka Stevens, who opted to step down. Momoh led Sierra Leone for seven years, leading to widespread corruption, and a total collapse of the Sierra Leonean economy (Bangura and Marda, 49). Due to lack of accountability and poor leadership, the government was unable to pay the salaries of its civil workers, and important commodities like energy were very scarce in Sierra Leone. The education system also collapsed, with more youths roaming the streets of Free town idle. This also led to a brain drain, where headmaster of Sierra Leone fled to country, and went overseas in search of a good life. By 1991, this country was ranked as one of the poorest nations in the world, and an all out civil war broke out in Sierra Leone (Bangura and Marda, 36). On this basis, it is important to understand that due to poor leadership, Sierra Leone the government of Sierra Leone was unable to provide services to its citizens, leading to the fall of the government under consideration.In conclusion, poor leadership is one of the main reasons as to why Sierra Leone experient a bitter civil war, and Equatorial Guinea is lagging behind in economic, social and political development. It is important to understand that due to poor leadership, people in Sierra Leone became very poor, and they were unable to afford education and other basic needs such as food and clean water, as a result, they were lured by rebel movements to fight within its ranks. Sierra Leone learnt from this bitter civil war that took place mingled with 1991, to the early years of 2000s. As a result, Sierra Leone is a practicing democratic country, having established good institutions of governance, for purposes of checking the executive government. On the other hand Equatorial Guinea still continues with this practice of poor governance, and this is mainly because its hasnt experienced a change in hands in terms of governance. As a result, Equatorial Guinea is considered as one of the poor countries of the world, with its people lacking the very basic needs.Works CitedBangura, Joseph J., and Marda Mustapha. Sierra Leone beyond the capital of Togo Peace Accord. NewYork Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.Lewis, Marvin A.. An introduction to the literature of Equatorial Guinea between colonialismand dictators hip. Columbia University of Missouri Press, 2007. Print.Rotberg, Robert I.. Governance and leadership in Africa. Philadelphia Mason whirligig Publishers,2007. Print.Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga. The politics of humanitarian intervention a critical analogy of the Britishresponse to end the slave trade and the civil war in Sierra Leone. Journal of GlobalEthics 6.3 (2010) 273-285. Print.Solo-Trillo, Eduardo. Equatorial Guinea an perpetual Present. Journal of Conflictology 4.2(2013) 124-159. Print.

Analysis of Pepsi Co in India

abstract of Pepsi Co in IndiaPepsiCo is the largest snack and non alcoholic boozing manufacturing c eitherer-out in the world. Its point of intersection range includes grain based snacks, carbonated and non- carbonated beverages and fodders. It ope rates finished quartet operational segments Frito-Lay normality America (FLNA), PepsiCoBeverages North America (PBNA), PepsiCo supranational (PI) and supporter Foods North America (QFNA).It sells its convergences in 200 countries with study operations in the US, Canada, Mexico and the UK. It distri exactlyes its branded products through multi channels such as head stores, broker warehouses, viands service centers and v eat uping machines.PepsiCo in IndiaPepsiCo entered India in 1988 and arduous on three focus force fields soft drink, snack foods and food make foring. PepsiCo got rent to import cola c unrivalledcnterate and to sell soft drink execrable Pepsi trail in Indian mart and in return to trade succus concen terate from Punjab.Main objective put forward was To promote the development and export of Indian make and agro based products and to foster the basis and development of PepsiCo products in India.Pepsico entered in India in the form of reciprocal venture with PAIC holding 36.11%, voltas 24%, PepsiCo holding 36.89%.ISSUESPepsiCo was coupled with the punjab card. They make certain commitments to Indian cental government.PepsiCo specifically supported national priorities in area like export and agriculture. several(prenominal) of the commitments are as follows1) the project depart create employment for calciferol00 peope nationally, including 2 d0 jobs in Punjab alone.2) 74% of substance investment result be in food and agro processing.25% will be in manufacturing of soft drinks.3) PepsiCo will grow advanced technology in food processing and succeed engorge by marketing Indian products abroad and giving them global market.4) 50% of total production will be exported.5) an agro research center will be naturalised by PepsiCo with ICAR and PAU.6) no foreign brand severalise will e used for domestic gross sales.7)export import ratio will be 51.FAILED COMMITMENTSWithin few yrs pepsi was enter as one of non compliance companies that did non fulfill the commitments it made to Indian government. The play along nowhere met its obligations.On September 4,1991 george fernandes said that Pepsi co has failed to meet its commitments and the attach to became a challenge to the government.The failed commitments are as follows1)EMPLOYMENT COMMITMENTEmployment generated by PepsiCo1990-911991-92directindirectdirectFood processing1699903170 judicature117432179Bottling49715115560Total78325450909Source data taken from balance sheets of pepsi foods ltd.Pepsico by 1996 increase the employment figure to 2400 which was just 3% of the commitment made.Branch reach commitmentPepsi committed not to use its brand name pepsi in india. During first grade pepsi used Indian bran d name Lehar pepsi bt with the introduction of bleak policy in 1991 pepsi immediately changed its drink name from lehar pepsi to pepsi.exportation commitmentPepsi commited that 50% total product will be exported but instead of exporting its own products it exported basmati rice, tea, leather productsAgro research centerNo agro research center was established.PepsiCo, Inc., SWOT AnalysisStrengths helplessnessesStrong Growth Prospects economical Use of ResourcesExpanding Operating MarginDeclining commercialise Share in domainOverdependence on FewCustomersGeographical ConcentrationOpportunities flagellumsHuge potentiality in theEmerging MarketsIncreasing Bottled WaterMarketGrowing total FoodsMarketHighly Competitive MarketPrivate Label Brands GainingMomentum spheric Economic ConditionsPepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference scratch GDCPG35119FSA rapscallion 2PepsiCo, Inc. SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis OverviewPepsiCo, Inc. (PepsiCo) is one of the confidential information snack and beverage companies in the world. Dominant market property anddiversified brand portfolio are its strengths. Further, the rising demand for bottled water and strategical acquisitions couldensure a weapons-grade future. However, poor advantageousness and overdependence on a few customers are areas of interest to the friendship. Highly competitive market and evolution demand for close gauge products coupled with global economic retardent could as well as impede the callers step-up.PepsiCo, Inc. StrengthsStrength Strong Growth ProspectsThe guild was craft at a price/earnings (P/E) ratio of 16.16 at the end of fiscal year 2009. This was above the SPergocalciferol companies come* of 9.2. A naughty than SP five hundred companies fair P/E whitethorn indicate that the ships company may havehigh growth prospects which is reflected in its stocks premium pricing. Investors may be expecting high earnings growthin the future compared to other companies in the SP 500 index.Strength Efficient Use of ResourcesThe companys return on equity (ROE) was 35.4% for fiscal year 2009. This was above the SP 500 companies average*of 12.9%. A higher than SP 500 companies average* ROE may indicate that the company is efficiently using the functionholders money and that it is generating high returns for its shareholders compared to other companies in the SP500 index.Strength Expanding Operating MarginThe companys operating margin was 18.61% for the fiscal year 2009. This was above the SP 500 companies average* of14.7%. A higher than SP 500 companies average* operating margin may indicate efficient cost charge or a healthfulpricing strategy by the company. The companys operating profit was USD 8,044.00 million during the fiscal year 2009, anincrease of 15.59% over 2008 maculation the net profit was USD 5,946.00 million, an increase of 15.64% over 2008. Theoperating margin has increase 252 basis points (bps) over 2008, which may indicate managements high focus onimproving profitability.Strength Strong RD ActivitiesPepsiCo has a muscular RD arm that focuses on sundry(a) activities, which could help the company in cost reduction andprocess improvement, quality assurance, process control, and system development. The company to a fault places emphasison developing new manufacturing methods, improving on the existing manufacturing processes, new product developingand improving the existing products. For the fiscal year 2008, the company spend USD 388 million on its RD initiatives,against USD 364 million in 2007. Thus, such a strong focus on RD activities provides the company with an edge over itscompetitors in generating higher operational exercises. crude product and technology innovations as well strengthen thecompanys innovating capabilities and provide a source of future r hithertoues for the company.Strength Diversified Brand PortfolioPepsiCo boasts of a broad brand portfolio in the beverages a nd snacks categories, which helps it provide to the diverseneeds of its customer base. The top 18 brands of the company generate USD 1 one million million or more(prenominal) each in annual sell sales.Some of the study brands suggested by the company include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, pabulum Pepsi, Gatorade, Tropicana PurePremium, Aquafina water, sierra Mist, Mug, Tropicana juice drinks, Propel, SoBe, Slice, Dole, Tropicana Twister andTropicana Seasons Best. This diversified brand portfolio of the company provides it with the economic stability and anedge in attracting and retaining a diverse customer base. It also helps the company to mitigate the risks associated withoverdependence on a particular brand or product category.Strength Dominant Market PositionPepsiCo enjoys a leading market position that helps it attract and serve a diverse customer base. The company is one ofthe leading snack and beverage companies in the world. It is engaged in manufacturing, marketing and sale of a variety ofsalty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods. The companysells its products in more than 200 countries. It is the market leader in the US savory snacks market with a market share of closely 39%. It is also the leader in the US liquid refreshment beverage category with a market share of 25%. Furthermore,the company busy 52nd position in the Fortune 500 rankings in 2009. The Frito-Lay brand is the worlds leadingmanufacturer of snacks. This dominant market position helps the company diversify its risks associated with the cyclicnature of most of these markets and puts the company at an advantage over its rivals slice expanding its product lines.PepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference rule GDCPG35119FSAPage 3PepsiCo, Inc. WeaknessesWeakness Declining Market Share in areaThe companys compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for revenue was 7.34% during 2005-2009. This was below the SP500 companies average* of 11.1%. Further, the company baseed revenue of USD 43,232.00 million during the fiscal yearended December 2009, a decrease of 0.04% from 2008. A lower than SP 500 companies average* revenue CAGR mayindicate that the company has underperformed the average SP 500 companies growth and lost market share over the lastfour years. The companys underperformance could be attributed to a weak competitive position or humble products andservices offering or lack of innovative products and services.Weakness Overdependence on Few CustomersOverdependence on a few customers has been a major area of concern to the company. A significant portion of thecompanys revenues are generated from few customers. For instance, in 2008, sales to Wal-Mart and Sams West, Inc.represented 12% of the companys net revenue. The top five retail customers represented about 32% of its 2008 NorthAmerican net revenue, of which Wal-Mart (including Sams) accounted for about 18%. The loss of one or more of the topcustomers in any of these segments could have a material adverse effect on the results of these segments. Due tooverdependence on a few customers, the company may not be able to find suitable alternatives to sell its products in magazine ifany of these customers is unable to buy the products on terms favorable to the company.Weakness Geographical ConcentrationPepsiCos overdependence on the US market for its revenues exposes the company to various risks associated withgeographical concentration. Though PepsiCo has operations in various geographic regions, a majority of its revenues stillcomes from the US. During the fiscal year 2008, the company generated 52% of its total revenue from the US region.Further, during the fiscal year 2009, PepsiCo generated over 71% of its revenues from North America. This dependence onthe US could impact its operational and financial performance in the event of any economic, political or climatic change. Italso could restrict its mark et share and growth opportunities.PepsiCo, Inc. OpportunitiesOpportunity Huge Potential in the Emerging MarketsThe company could benefit from the exploitation markets in the Asia peace-loving region. According to the World Bank, the GDPgrowth rate of high income countries came rase from 2.6% in 2007 to 0.4% in 2008. The economies of these countries areexpected to have contracted by 3.3% in 2009. Despite the global economic slowdown, the emerging and developingeconomies recorded a GDP growth rate of 8.1%, 5.6% and 1.2% during 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. Growth in the eastmost Asia and Pacific region (especially China) as well as in mho Asia (especially India) has been resilient. This wasmainly due to the massive fiscal stimulus package in China and Indias skillful macroeconomic management. Chinas GDPgrew at 9% in 2008 and 8.4% in 2009, spot Indias grew at 6.1% and 6% respectively, during the period. The growingeconomy in these countries has generated new employment oppo rtunities for the residents and has provided a boost totheir earnings. Rise in disposable income has changed their deliver the goods behavior. Now more and more people are buyingluxury and lifestyle goods unlike in the past when they used to take their spending to basic necessities. Customers in theemerging countries are becoming more brand conscious and prefer to buy branded goods. With competition at its peak andmarkets getting saturated, the company can look out for new growth avenues in these regions.Opportunity Increasing Bottled Water MarketThe strong growth in the bottled water market is emerging as a major boon for the company. The global bottled waterindustry has been witnessing strong growth over the past few years, especially in the US. Bottled water is interchange mostly in theindustrialized countries where it costs between USD 500 and USD 1,000 per blocky meter, compared to USD 0.50 formunicipal water in states such as California, US. With the strong profitability offered by the segment, many players havestarted foraying into the bottled water duty. The demand for bottled water has also been on the rise in emergingcountries. PepsiCos established presence in the bottled water segment, along with its strong brand image puts thecompany at a competitive edge over its rivals in attracting and retaining a doglike customer base. The strong distributionnetwork also helps the company to cater to a geographically diverse customer base.Opportunity Growing Organic Foods MarketThe company has a significant opportunity to grow as the demand for organic food is set to rise by an average of 18% inthe US by 2010, according to the Organic swop Association (OTA). Rising Health consciousness in the US has made theorganic foods segment one of the fastest growing segments in the food retailing industry. Though, the organic foodsegment represented a unspotted 2.8% of the US food and beverage market, the organic food market in the region generatedUSD 21.2 bill ion in 2007. According to a recent report from the OTA, the global demand for organic products has beengrowing at USD 5 billion a year. PepsiCo offers its all natural and organic product line under the Tropicana and Quakerbrands in the US. The company can thus capitalize on its distribution network and organic food offerings to increase itsmarket share and revenues.PepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference Code GDCPG35119FSAPage 4Opportunity Strategic AcquisitionsStrategic acquisitions offer a strong growth opportunity for the company, especially while foraying into new markets or insertion new products or services. The company has grown over the years by acquiring or merging with some of themajor brands like Frito Lays, Quaker Oats, Gamesa and Sabritas. Further, in October 2009, the companys Pepsi BottlingVentures, LLC signed a Letter of Intent to acquire the assets of Pepsi green goddess Bottling Company of Conway-Myrtle Beach,Inc., the Pepsi- Cola franchise bottler based in Conway, South Carolina. Earlier, in elevated 2009, PepsiCo Inc. entered intodefinitive merger agreements with its two largest bottlers, The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (PBG) and PepsiAmericas, Inc.(PAS). Under the agreement, PepsiCo will acquire all of the outstanding shares of common stock of these two bottlers.Currently, the company owns 33% and 43% of the outstanding shares of PBG and PAS respectively. During the sameperiod, the company also announced an agreement to acquire Brazils largest coconut water company, Amacoco NordesteLtda. and Amacoco Sudeste Ltda. (Amacoco). Earlier, in April 2008, PepsiCo acquired the UK based vitamin water brand,V Water. These mergers and acquisitions offer a steady revenue source, apart from geographical expansion for thecompany.PepsiCo, Inc. ThreatsThreat Highly Competitive MarketGrowing competition could impact the business operations of the company. The company faces stiff competition from thevarious companies that are in the business of beverages, snack and food products. Key competitors include General Mills,Inc., Groupe Danone, Hershey Foods Corporation, go up S.A., Coca-Cola Company, The Procter Gamble Company,The Kraft Foods, Inc., National Beverage Corp., Jones Soda Co. and Kellogg Company. Apart from the established playersin the developed countries, the players from emerging countries too are competing hard to meet maximum market sharein their respective regions. If the company fails to keep an eye on product quality and consumer loyalty, this intense competitioncould reduce the sales lot of the company, thereby hampering its market position.Threat Private Label Brands Gaining MomentumThe growing demand for surreptitious label products has been a major area of concern to the company. According to a report bythe Confederation of the Food and beverage Industries of the EU (CIAA), there is a shift in the consumer spending towardsprivate label products. Also, it is observed th at the private label products have reached as high as 48% in traditionalretailers and 94% in discounters. In the UK, almost all the top 30 retailers witnessed an increase in the private label sharein 2008. Private labels may become even more popular due to the current economic slowdown. Apart from low prices, theincreasing quality of private label products has been driving away the sales of branded products. Thus PepsiCo faces amajor challenge from these private label manufacturers in sustaining its growth.Threat Global Economic ConditionsThe company faces a major challenge in sustaining its revenue growth due to the slowdown in the global economy,especially the US. The banks have tightened their credit lending process thereby affecting the consumers shopping ability.Even the market volatility concerns have made them shop only for basic and essential goods, thereby creating a majorchallenge to the goods manufacturers whose sales have been on the decline. According to The World Bank , boilers suit globalGDP contracted by 2.2% in 2009, with 1.2% growth rate in the developing economies well below the 5.6% growth rate in2008. In 2009, the GDP growth in the US weakened to -2.4% while in the Eurozone, GDP contracted more sharply by 3.9%from 0.5% in 2008. Further, the global output is expected to expand by 2.7% in 2010, and 3.2% in 2011 still below the 5%generated in 2007. Thus, adverse economic conditions could adversely affect the demand for the companys products,which poses a major challenge to the company in sustaining its revenue growth.Growth strategiesTransforming its beverage portfolioPepsiCo sought to transform its beverage portfolio by increasing the health andwellness quotient of its products through RD. It has strengthened. its carbonated softdrinks (CSDs) segment, comprised of Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew. In 2007, itlaunched Diet Pepsi Max in the US. It is a naught calorie energy drink and targets youngmen. It also introduced the high caffein Mountain Dew Game Fuel in 2008, aimed atvideo gamers. PepsiCo has also introduced new carbonated juice drinks such as Izze,which is free of caffeine, sharp sugars and artificial ingredients and is naturallysweetened with fruit juice. Izze fruit juices primarily targets carbonates customers who indirect request alternatives to artificially sweetened soft drinks.Growth through partnershipsPepsiCo concentrates on partnerships and joint ventures to expand its operations. In2007, it extended the scope of its partnerships with Starbucks and Unilever on RTDbeverages, and is expanding into other categories through acquisitions. In January2008, it announced plans to acquire Penelopa fruity and seeds in Bulgaria, and in 2006,it corruptd Duyvis nuts business. Also In 2006, the company entered the salted snacksbusiness in New Zealand with the acquisition of Bluebird Foods, and expanded itssnacks business in Brazil with the purchase of Lucky snacks.

Character And Traits In Leadership Philosophy Essay

Character And Traits In Leadership Philosophy Es wordManagers ar pack who do things right, bandage leading atomic number 18 people who do the right thing. Warren Bennis, Ph.D. On Becoming a Leader create Excellence. Leaders do non command h wizardsty, they build purity. Excellence is world on the whole you freighter be in spite of appearance the bounds of doing what is right for your organization. To reach probity you essential setoff be a drawing card of close function. You must do eachthing you argon supposed to do. Organizations willing non achieve excellence by figuring taboo where it hopes to go, then having attractions do whatever they have to in order to occur the trading make, and then apply their attracters acted with good share. This type of c both ining is backwards. Pursuing excellence should not be conf utilise with accomplishing a job or project. When you do planning, you do it by backwards planning. But you do not achieve excellence by backwards planning. Excellence starts with leading of good and industrial-strength character who engage in the entire process of leading. And the first process is world a person of honorable character.Character develops over sentence. Many think that some(prenominal) of a persons character is formed untimely in life. However, we do not know exactly how much or how early character develops. But, it is safe to claim that character does not change quickly. A persons apparent authority is an indication of her character. This behavior can be strong or weak, good or regretful. A person with strong character shows drive, energy, determination, self-discipline, willpower, and nerve. She sees what she wants and goes aft(prenominal) it. She attracts followers. On the other hand, a person with weak character shows none of these traits. She does not know what she wants. Her traits are disorganized, she vacillates and is inconsistent. She will attract no followers.A strong person ca n be good or braggy. A gang leader is an example of a strong person with a bad character, while an outstanding community leader is one with two strong and good characteristics. An organization lacks leaders with both strong and good characteristics, people who will guide them to the future and show that they can be presumptioned.To be an effective leader, your followers must have trust in you and they need to be sold on your mental imagery. Korn-Ferry International, an executive seem company, performed a survey on what organizations want from their leaders. The respondents said they wanted people who were both ethical and who convey a strong vision of the future. In any organization, a leaders actions even false the pace. This behavior wins trust, loyalty, and ensures the organizations continued vitality. one(a) of the dashs to build trust is to unwrap a good whiz of character composed of beliefs, values, clevernesss, and traits (U.S. phalanx Handbook, 1973)Beliefs a re what we seize dear to us and are rooted deeply within us. They could be assumptions or convictions that you hold true regarding people, concepts, or things. They could be the beliefs about life, death, religion, what is good, what is bad, what is serviceman nature, etc. set are attitudes about the worth of people, concepts, or things. For example, you might value a good car, home, friendship, personal comfort, or relatives. Values are meaning(a) as they influence a persons behavior to weigh the importance of alternatives. For example, you might value friends to a greater extent than privacy, while others might be the opposite.Skills are the knowledge and abilities that a person introduces doneout life. The expertness to learn a mod skill varies with each individual. close to skills come almost natur every last(predicate)y, while others come merely by complete devotion to study and practice.Traits are distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person, while charact er is the sum total of these traits. There are hundreds of character traits, far too many to be discussed here. Instead, we will focus on a few that are crucial for a leader. The much of these you display as a leader, the more(prenominal) your followers will believe and trust in you.Traits of a Good LeaderCompiled by the Santa Clara University and the Tom Peters crowdHonest vaunting sincerity, integrity, and candor in every(prenominal) your actions. Deceptive behavior will not inspire trust.Competent Base your actions on causal agent and moral principles. Do not make decisions establish on simple emotional desires or feelings.Forward-looking Set goals and have a vision of the future. The vision must be owned throughout the organization. Effective leaders envision what they want and how to get it. They habitu all toldy pick priorities stemming from their basic values. shake up Display confidence in all that you do. By showing endurance in mental, physical, and spiritual s tamina, you will inspire others to reach for tonic heights. guide on a leak charge when necessary.Intelligent Read, study, and seek challenging as reducements.Fair-minded Show second-rate treatment to all people. Prejudice is the enemy of justice. Display empathy by being sensitive to the feelings, values, interests, and wholesome-being of others.Broad-minded Seek out diversity.Courageous bring forth the perseverance to accomplish a goal, regardless of the seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Display a confident calmness when under stress.Straightforward Use pass away judgment to make a good decisions at the right time. fanciful reserve timely and appropriate changes in your thinking, plans, and regularitys. Show creativity by thinking of new and better goals, ideas, and solutions to problems. Be innovativeRetreat glare Weve just got here Attributed to several World War I devil dog Corps take awayicers, Belleau Wood, June 1918 (key ideal take a stand)AttributesAtt ributes establish what leaders are, and ein truth leader needs at least three of them (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973) well-worn Bearersestablish the ethical framework within an organization. This demands a commitment to anticipate and defend the climate and culture that you want to permeate your organization. What you set as an example will soon pose the rule as contrary knowledge, ethical behavior is learned more by observing than by listening. And in fast mournful situations, examples flummox certainty. Being a regulation bearer creates trust and openness in your employees, who in turn, fulfill your visions.Developers serve up others learn through teaching, training, and coaching. This creates an exciting set to work and learn. Never get out an opportunity to teach or learn something new yourself. Coaching suggests person who cares enough to get involved by encouraging and developing others who are less experienced. Employees who work for developers know that they can take ris ks, learn by making mistakes, and winning in the end.Integratorsorchestrate the many activities that take place throughout an organization by providing a view of the future and the ability to obtain it. Success can only be achieved when there is a unity of effort. Integrators have a sixth sense about where problems will occur and make their presence felt during critical times. They know that their employees do their best when they are left to work within a vision-based framework. cursed it, you will never get the Purple Heart hiding in a foxhole Follow me Captain Henry P. Jim Crowe, USMC, Guadalcanal, 13 January 1943. (key lecture follow me, NOT go)Perspectives of Character and TraitsTraits (acronym JJ did tie buckle)JusticeJudgment reliabilityInitiativeDecisiveness ingenuityIntegrityEnthusiasm rush liberalityCourageKnowledgeLoyaltyEnduranceThe Image of Leadership put-on SchoollandWhat benevolent of a leader are you going to be the kind who thinks he is the best?Or will you be one of the very few greatsWho attributes success to the rest.The U.S. Armys Eleven Leadership Principles Be tactically and technically proficient Know yourself and seek self-improvement Know your soldiers and look out for their welfare Keep your soldiers informed Set the example Ensure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished Train your soldiers as a squad Make sound and timely decisions Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actionsOrganizations consist of three componentsThe structure gives the organization its form and dictates the way it will interact.The followers respond to the structure and the leaders.The leaders come across the net effectiveness of the organization as the character and skills that they bring check into the way problems are solved and tasks are accomplished.U.S. Army 23 Traits of CharacterBearingConfidenceCourageIntegrit yDecisivenessJusticeEnduranceTactInitiativeCoolnessMaturityImprovementWillAssertiveness outspokennessSense of humorCompetenceCommitmentCreativitySelf-disciplineunimportanceFlexibilityEmpathy/CompassionAre managers leaders? Are leaders managers?Managers need to be leaders. . . their workers need vision and guidance On the other hand, leaders need to be good managers of the resources entrusted to them.Is Character Developed Via Nature or Nurture (Ridley, 2003)?I do not believe that the nature vs. raising debate is linear enough to put percentages on it on one incline of the fence we have nature and on the other side we have nurture. And while nature (genes) certainly has its influences on us, the milieu (nurture) normally determines the impact of a gene.For example, one of the classic examples for discussing genes is Konrad Lorenzs work on the form that occurs in baby geese they have it within them to strike whatever is moving near them, which is normally their mother. However, it could be anything else that is moving around them, such(prenominal) as a person. But no matter what they imprint on, rather it be their mother, a human, or an inanimate object, the piece of the environment that they actually imprint on is going to have a huge impact on their life. thusly genes provide the goal, but the environment provides the process. And it is what happens during the process that will determine the outcome.Piaget was probably the first person to think of children as species equipped with a characteristic mind, rather than as apprentice adults (little adults). He discovered they went through a series of five developmental stages that were always in the corresponding order, but not always at the analogous ratesensorimotorPreoperationalConcrete operationsIn adolescence they have Abstract Thoughts andDeductive logical thinkingPiagets two contemporaries, Konrad Lorenz and B. F. Skinner took up extreme positions. Lorenz as a support of nature and Skinner as a ch ampion of nurture. Piaget, however, dived right pot the middle of this debate. He believed a genes meaning depends heavily on its circumstance with the skirt environment. That is, while a child goes through five stages of development (genes), it is the active engagement of the mind with the surrounding environment (nurture) that ca implements development. The two chief(prenominal) forces of the environment are feedback and social interaction. From this, the child assimilates predicted experiences and accommodates it to unexpected experiences.For some time it was believed that animals grew no new neurons in the cortex of their brains upon reaching adulthood, thus their fate was basically sealed by their genetic nature. This was apparently proved by a Pasco Rakic, a neuroscientist. However, Fernando Nottebohm soon found that adult canaries made new neurons when they learn new songs. So Rakic replied that it was only adult mammals that could not dumbfound neurons. But soon afterw ard, Elizabeth Gould found that rats grow new neurons. So Rakic replied order Primates could not. Gould next discovered that tree shrews grew new neurons. Rakic that higher primates could not grow new neurons. Gould then found them in marmosets. Rakic zeroed it down to old-world primates. Gould then discovered them in macaques.Today it is almost certain that all primates, including humans, grow new neurons in response to new experiences, and lose neurons in response to neglect. Thus, with all the determinism built into the initial wiring of our brain, experience with our surrounding environment refines and in some cases rewires that initial wiring.Nature whitethorn be our internal guide (map), but nurture is our explorer that has the net say in what we do (destination).ReferencesRidley, M. (2003). Nature Via Nurture New York Harper Collins.U.S. Army Handbook (1973). Military Leadership.Leadership StylesLeadership style is the manner and come on of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles. The three major styles of leadership are (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973)Authoritarian or autocraticParticipative or democraticDelegative or Free ReignAlthough good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with one style.Authoritarian (autocratic)I want both of you to. . .This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. Some of the appropriate conditions to use it is when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and your employees are well prompt.Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. This is no t the undemocratic style, rather it is an abusive, unprofessional style called bossing people around. It has no place in a leaders repertoire.The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and penury from your employees, then you should use the participative style.Participative (democratic)Lets work together to solve this. . .This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect.This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything this is why you employ knowledgeable and undecomposed employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit it allows them t o become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions.Delegative (free reign)You two take care of the problem while I go. . .In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still liable for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. You cannot do everything You must set priorities and delegate certain tasks.This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and confidence in the people down the stairs you. Do not be timid to use it, however, use it sagelyNOTE This is also known as laissez faire (or laisser faire), which is the noninterference in the personal business of others. French laissez, second person pl. imperative of laisser, to let, allow + faire, to do.ForcesA good leader uses all three styles, depending on what forces are involve d between the followers, the leader, and the situation. Some examples includeUsing an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee.Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem, but does not have all the information. The employees know their jobs and want to become part of the team.Using a delegative style with a worker who knows more about the job than you. You cannot do everything and the employee needs to take ownership of her job In addition, this allows you to be at other places, doing other things.Using all three Telling your employees that a procedure is not working in good order and a new one must be established (authoritarian). enquire for their ideas and input on creating a new procedure (participative). Delegating tasks in order to implement the new proced ure (delegative).Forces that influence the style to be used includedHow much time is available.Are relationships based on respect and trust or on disrespect?Who has the information you, your employees, or both?How well your employees are trained and how well you know the task. knowledgeable conflicts.Stress levels.Type of task. Is it structured, unstructured, complicated, or simple?Laws or established procedures such as OSHA or training plans.Positive and Negative ApproachesThere is a difference in ways leaders approach their employee. Positive leaders use rewards, such as education, independence, etc. to motivate employees. While veto employers emphasize penalties. While the negative approach has a place in a leaders repertoire of tools, it must be used cautiously due to its high cost on the human spirit.Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such as loss of job, days off without pay, reprimand ing employees in front of others, etc. They believe their authority is increased by frightening everyone into higher levels of productivity. Yet what always happens when this approach is used wrongly is that morale falls which of course leads to lower productivity.Also note that most leaders do not strictly use one or another, but are somewhere on a continuum ranging from extremely exacting to extremely negative. People who continuously work out of the negative are bosses while those who primarily work out of the positive are considered documentary leaders.Use of Consideration and StructureTwo other approaches that leaders use areConsideration (employee orientation) leaders are concerned about the human needs of their employees. They build teamwork, help employees with their problems, and provide psychological support.Structure (task orientation) leaders believe that they get results by consistently keeping people brisk and urging them to produce.There is evidence that leaders who are considerate in their leadership style are higher performers and are more quelled with their job (Schriesheim, 1982).Also notice that consideration and structure are main(a) of each other, thus they should not be viewed on opposite ends of a continuum. For example, a leader who becomes more considerate, does not necessarily mean that she has become less structured.See Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid as it is also based on this concept.PaternalismPaternalism has at times been equated with leadership styles. Yet most definitions of leadership normally state or imply that one of the actions within leadership is that of influencing. For example, the Army uses the following definitionLeadership is influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization.The Army just goes on by defining influence asa performer of getting people to do what you want them to do. It is the means or method to ac hieve two ends operating and improving. But there is more to influencing than barely passing along orders. The example you set is just as important as the words you speak. And you set an example good or bad with every action you take and word you utter, on or off duty. Through your words and example, you must communicate purpose, direction, and motivation.While paternalism is defined as (Webster)a system under which an authority undertakes to supply needs or regulate conduct of those under its control in matters affecting them as individuals as well as in their relationships to authority and to each other.Thus paternalism supplies needs for those under its protection or control, while leadership gets things done. The first is directed inwards, while the latter is directed outwards.Geert Hofstede (1977) analyze culture within organizations. Part of his study was on the dependence relationship or advocate Difference the extent to which the less powerful members of an organization expect and own that power is distributed unequally. Hofstede gave this story to illustrate this Power DifferenceThe last transformation in Sweden disposed of King Gustav IV, whom they considered incompetent, and surprising invited Jean Baptise Bernadotte, a French general who served under Napoleon, to become their new King. He reliable and became King Charles XIV. Soon afterward he needed to address the Swedish Parliament. Wanting to be accepted, he tried to do the speech in their language. His broken language amused the Swedes so much that they roared with laughter. The Frenchman was so upset(a) that he never tried to speak Swedish again.Bernadotte was a victim of culture shock never in his French upbringing and army career had he experienced subordinates who laughed at the mistakes of their superior. This story has a talented ending as he was considered very good and ruled the bucolic as a highly respected constitutional monarch until 1844. (His descendants still occupy the Swedish throne.)Sweden differs from France in the way its society handles disagreement (those in charge and the followers). To measure inequality or Power Difference, Hofstede studied three survey questions from a larger survey that both featureored and carried the same weightFrequency of employees being afraid to express disagreement with their managers.Subordinates comprehension of their bosss actual decision making style (paternalistic style was one choice).Subordinates option for their bosss decision-making style (again, paternalistic style was one choice).He developed a Power Difference Index (PDI) for the 53 countries that took the survey. Their haemorrhoid range from 11 to 104. The higher the number a country received, the more autocratic and/or paternalistic the leadership, which of course relates to employees being more afraid or averse to disagree with their bosses. While lower numbers mean a more consultative style of leadership is used, which translates to empl oyees who are not as afraid of their bosses.For example, Malaysia has the highest PDI score, being 104, while Austria has the lowest with 11. And of course, as the story above illustrates, Sweden has a relative low score of 31, while France has a PDI of 68. The USAs is 40. Note that these scores are relative, not compulsive, in that relativism affirms that one culture has no absolute criteria for judging activities of another culture as low or noble. keeping the above in mind, it seems that some picture paternalistic behavior as almost a barbaric way of getting things accomplished. Yet, leadership is all about getting things done for the organization. And in some situations, a paternalistic style of decision-making might be required indeed, in some cultures and individuals, it may also be expected by not only those in charge, but also the followers. That is what makes leadership styles quite interesting they basically make pass along the same continuum as Hofstedes PDI, ranging f rom paternalistic to consultative styles of decision making. This allows a wide range of individual behaviors to be dealt with, ranging from beginners to peak performers. In addition, it accounts for the fact that not everyone is the same.However, when paternalistic or autocratic styles are relied upon too much and the employees are ready and/or willing to react to a more consultative type of leadership style, then it normally becomes quite disconfirming to the performance of the organization.

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change

Effect of bell ringer Media on night club and tender ChangeHow Far and in What ship government agency is it Reason subject to See the Development of im loo as a motor of R exploitationary Social Change?AbstractPrint and the ways of certifying the pen news pass on had a long fib in which the ideas that were sire-at- up to(p) to be communicated through with(predicate) these written discourses profoundly baffled human history. The source movable sign of cross consisting of baked clay was developed in mainland China in AD 1050. This was followed by the wooden movable font of stain that was likewise invented in China in AD 1300. However, it was the pattern of Gutenberg which brought together a number of technologies to bring intimately the runner nonion mess which had a capability for favorablely and inexpensively deli real affect to the lot. The Mid 15th Century invention has since in that respectfore assisted in bringing about profound and r phylogenya ry assortments in human societies and agri nicety more or less the piece. The victimisation of sign, which was by itself a r phylogenesis, do it realizable for association and ideas which had previously been the preserve of the privileged nobility to be brought to the bandes. The media was born as a gist of the invention of the im wish and this media not only brings culture and breeding into the unavowed domain of individuals, but likewise sets societal exemplars, trends and a whole way of life through grade advertising. Print do it manageable for ideas to be discussed and a societal consensus to evolve as a result of these ideas beingness able to be communicated gimcrackly and marrowively. politicoitical revolutions, the evolution of science and engineering, culture, religion and the interactions of cosmos pitch only been profoundly figure outd by put out, which is still evolving from its earlier founts and has the susceptibility for inducing profound as closely as revolutionist fond change. This brief essay constructs a look for at how sucker fag end act as an agent for bringing about fond change and also just how far scrape can go towards influencing such a change.Contents (Jump to) inletThe crash of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the future(a)ConclusionBibliography / ReferencesIntroductionEver since the Mid-15th Century when Gutenberg had detect the idea of the first movable type belief press, the print media has profoundly cause the institution in which we support. publish brought together the technologies of written report, oil based ink and the etched lettering to quickly as healthful as cheaply collect many copies of the subject field which was required to be printed. Although the written word had been discovered slightly(prenominal) earlier then the time of Gutenbergs invention, its power and range had been trammel beca phthisis of the difficulties associated with its qui ck and inexpensive reproduction. Written manuscripts containing ideas, human k presentlyledge and culture had been very expensive and cumbersome to reproduce, limiting their access to the privileged and the imposing classes with more or lessly verbal traditions of dialogue theory being relied on. As a result of inventions such as the movable type and later the electronics communications technologies, manhood direct lives in the information age when ideas abound and atomic number 18 communicated to millions instantly. The climax of electronics communications technologies has invariably propelled the print into a new light, do it easier to store, demonstrate and exchange information. Obviously, such capabilities expanded the breadth as well as the depth of thinking of an average individual and thus transformed the club in which they lived. Beca usage the technologies associated with make atomic number 18 constantly evolving, therefore, it is very believably that the evolution of these technologies testament continue to have a revolutionary impact on the ships company at large. The invention of printing by itself was revolutionary and since its inception, the technology has continued to shape the world and humanity (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 6), (White, 1979, Chapters 1 5) and (The University of Vermont, 2005, Complete). literary productions related to history has indicated that printing profoundly influenced change in the europium during the Middle mounts, assisting in bringing about the Reformation, Renaissance and the Scientific or Technological Revolutions. The Protestant Revolution and humanitys change in the concept of the e fine arth centred to the sun centred universe were also influenced by the print making it possible for the ideas to propagate. Print make it possible for the many millions to construe ideas, debate their usefulness and present their own views, resulting in a consensus being developed much more than rapidly th en would have been other possible. A greater level of homogeneity was brought about then would have been otherwise possible. The print is something which could be understood and interpreted by humanity and its processing, reproduction, transmission or storage only assisted in making it more large-hearted or conveniently presentable to the mass audience. It is the convenient and ready availability of sound ideas in print with a contentedness for appealing to the mass logic which has the capacity for bringing about root word complaisant change, if the ideas that argon being presented in print are logic totallyy sound and appealing to the mass audience. It was the availability of information, ideas and the desire of the the great unwashed to be informed of these, along with their desire to have access to knowledge that was the have a bun in the oven of democracy. No longer was knowledge and wisdom in the sole custody of the privileged hardly a(prenominal) and it was the colle ctive allow of all who could access as well as understand the print which determined the future of societies, cultures and nations. close all political revolutions in the world after the Middle Age in atomic number 63 were made possible because there was the support of the masses which was pitted screw such changes and such support was only made possible because it was convenient to communicate through the print. Oral traditions had required a vastly superior effort and because of a limited capability for the oral substance to be communicated to a large audience, societal decisions were made by a few. Even established religion benefited enormously from the capabilities of the print. Although the wine or olive oil screw type press had been in use in Europe much earlier then the invention of Gutenberg and bury print technology had been known of since the time of Marco Polos return to Europe from his travels to China at the end of the 13th speed of light along with mass paper mak ing techniques which produced paper that was trained to be too flimsy for use in books, it was Gutenbergs invention that brought together many technologies to rat print seriously feasible, opening up the way for a capacity to influence kindly change like it had never been possible before. The private know that was made possible as a result of the print continuous led to the public expression of an individuals personality, character and beliefs which had been shaped by their private experiences (Eisenstein, 1979, move 1 and 2), (Eisenstein, 1993, Chapters 1 5) and (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 5).It was the organic evolution of the print which gave birth to the media which used print to bring culture and information into private blank shells of individuals. In addition to bringing culture and information into the private spaces, the media also shaped parliamentary procedure by presenting advertisements which prompted individuals to purchase, make full a way of living, develo p societal standards and highlight issues as well as scenery trends. Having advertisements presented in print led to more print as more newswritten document, magazines and journals were sold and print itself blended into the fabric of the society, transforming culture, thinking, values and expectations for the future. This domino effect also provided a vocation for many who are associated with the print patience and a new set of professions was introduced. It was print that assisted in the evolution of technology in general and the design of the new electronic communications media which is in the process of further changing societies (Dewar, 2000, Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 74).The history of the print had to be discussed in coif to be able to make some sort of predictions about the future. The potential for bringing about revolutionary social changes in the future is still very much a possibility and it is worth investigating how print c an influence and bring about social change. applied science and lifestyles are constantly changing and the way in which print technology influenced society is also evolving. Without the instruction of the print, humanity will be living in an oral society with its en haled illiteracy of the masses and the manipulation of the oral tradition or knowledge to suit the objects of individuals or the solid ground, as was the case in China prior to the development of the print. In such a society, the creation as well as the possession of knowledge is only restricted to the few creators of knowledge and there is a capacity for the masses to be ply what versions of oral truths that suited the political powers of the day. Development of exact sciences, technology, logic and think was, therefore, very much hindered in the oral society which emphasised more on rote memorising earlier then an taking into custody of its knowledge (Dewar, 2000, Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) an d (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 74).In this brief essay, an attempt has been made to take a look at the development of print and its potential for as well as the manner of bringing about revolutionary social change in societies.The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the FutureIt is necessary to understand the historical influences of the print in bringing about revolutionary social change so that the future implications for social change can be considered. The history which has been discussed in the introduction to this essay was presented with this concept in mind. The novel educational systems around the world, the production of books, the growth of the literati culture and the popular culture are all made possible because printing and the economic reproduction of the written word is possible. Books on a subject have to accumulate in methodicalness to make a difference and these books essential be logically position and present the truth in order to be of l asting value. The ideas that are presented in print are still subject to criticism, debate, investigation and understanding prior to acceptance. Advances in technologies which continue to make the production of print easier, smart and more economical also attempt to present the print in more innovative ways. These technologies also free up mankind to canvas and produce better quality of print and to try to understand the message instead of devoting more time to the production of the message. In developed societies, it is not just the print which counts but the quality of the ideas in print that are of the greatest importance. The qualities of ideas that are presented and recorded in print determine the state of intellectual development of the society and its capacity for improvement as well as gaining an edge over other societies. Some print is very highly regarded because it represents the essence of human knowledge, understanding or universal truths. Encyclopaedias, handbooks, the Scriptures and standard texts represent the print which the society has accepted as being of undated importance after much debate, criticism and consternation. Often, the knowledge stored in print in these important books will represent the culmination of great struggles, triumphs of understanding, remainder and even bloodshed. However, print represents ideas and the truths which have to be utilised in order to be of benefit. The print must be of importance and it should be apt(p) importance for the benefits of the print to stimulate available. Respecting print means that the ideas, knowledge and truths that are contained in the print are being seeed, considered, given importance to and are held as being profoundly important for the individual, humanity and the society. Giving respect to the Holy book does not mean that there is respect for the paper, ink or the quality of craftsmanship but that there is respect for ideas. Hence, unless the print is capable of producing ide as which are accepted as being profound, important and of importee for the future, the capacity of the print to bring about revolutionary change is restricted. Therefore, a progressive society which has the capacity for benefiting from revolutionary change must also have a system for producing the ideas which are of profound importance. These ideas must then be held as being important and acted upon or implemented into virtual(a) realities. Unless the message which is considered to be of importance is transformed into practical reality by a society, the society cannot benefit from the message or the ideas and hence the print itself is not able to induce change. In the context of social change, there has to be a requirement for change which is embodied in a vision of something better and this vision must be sufficiently appealing to the many, or to those who are important in the society, for the vision to be assay to be transformed into practical reality by committing resources, e ffort, taking the risks gnarled in change, going against the established order, getting organised or the oppose of an organised movement against tyranny to produce change. A developed society has to have a system for using print to disseminate or generate ideas, conduct discussions and a scrutiny of these ideas. There has to be a constant desire to have something better and to transform ideas into practical realities. Print can act as a vehicle for conveying ideas and their wider scrutiny but print by itself is important because it can do this in an economical, effective and appealing manner in order to effectively make the ideas available to the many (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 6), (McGINN, 1991, Chapters 1 4) and ( Dewar, 2000, Complete).Although the basic reason behind the importance of print and its capacity for influencing change are the ideas that are contained in the print, the manner in which the print can be presented, communicated, stored, manipulated and the knowledge wh ich is considered to be of importance retrieved from the print is also constantly being influenced by the force of ideas and changing. The capability of presenting the printed word as a sequence of signals in a deliberation machine and its rapid manipulation has made it possible for the society to consider and develop ideas much more rapidly then it was previously possible. This capacity has been of great benefit to the society but it has also had an impact on the printing of ideas on paper. Print on paper must now coexist with print as an electrical signal and the society has progressed sufficiently for the rapid and cheap transformation of the print on paper to the electronic print to be made possible. Hence, centralised printing presses are now still useful but they are being challenged by the distributed printing presses which are capable of quickly transforming the electronically stored print into print on paper when required. A cheap printer connected to a computer which is linked to the World Wide Web has the capacity for tapping into a large reservoir of ideas and the human bank deposit of knowledge. These ideas can be selectively printed as required on paper for the convenience of the human users. The larger press is used for printing material for which there is a confirmed pick up and it is very presumable that in the future all kinds of books will be downloaded from websites when and if required to be viewed on small or computerised portable interlingual rendition equipment. The price of such computer equipment which need not be as sophisticated as a laptop computer, but which can also integrate a lot of other functions into it such as the communication function and the entertainment function is progressively declining. This does not mean that the printing press is likely to become idle, because humanity has a requirement for all kinds of packing, wrapping and informative material which is in constant demand. However, it is very likely that t he high value added print material will be like in the electronic format and stored on web servers or the CD ROM to be downloaded when required for payment by electronic means. The benefits of purchasing a book in the electronic format are much superior to having a published book on paper. virgin editions can be rapidly produced and information in the electronic book right away manipulated. This is already happening and the only reason why individuals still select to read paper books is because the display technologies which provide the written word in human readable form need to be improved and made more affordable. That this is happening is the beginning of another social revolution which is likely to gain momentum with time. Hence, humanity is moving towards an age in which there will be far fewer books in the paper print form and very many web repositories from which electronic books, newspapers and magazines can be downloaded. There is likely to be an emphasis on having s mall portable devices which will have the telecommunications capabilities and pleasant displays that are affordable. Such devices can register in a new social revolution. Such a social revolution is not likely to be bad because the dwindling orbiculate forests require new attempts to conserve energy and reduce waste. A burgeoning repository of human knowledge means that permitting rapid access and manipulation of the electronic print is required. This, however, does not mean that there is not going to be a demand for the editors, the creative writers, researchers, scientists, technologists and philosophers etc who generate the content which could previously have been printed on paper only. There is in fact likely to be a greater demand for such creative individuals, especially those who are capable of producing quality. The creative content industry will continue to brandish and there will be a greater demand for sober content because content will still be king. It is very likel y that even schooling will be more distributed with pupils being able to download their lessons from a server rather then physically carrying backpacks of books to school. Universities will become more of a place for conducting research and generating new content then a place for disseminating this content through print on paper. The transmission of knowledge through the vastness of the globe and even into space and under the ocean will become an instantaneous affair rather then requiring the transportation of huge piles of bulky paper crossways the vastness of oceans, on ships, for the force of ideas and enlightenment to be unleashed in a dark region of the world. Language and the printed word, or rather the represented word is still important because this is what humans understand. However, the need to print this word on paper will be diminished. It is all a question of economics and developing newer and more capable computerised devices is gradually changing the way humans live . Sufficiently reduce the cost of portable computing equipment, software as well as the cost of telecommunications and the revolution will be very much accelerated. It is surprising that many publishers have not taken up the challenge and produced important books which can be downloaded from web stores. This most for sure has something to do with the price an individual has to pay for the right viewing ironware for electronic text. Widespread adoption of such hardware is also limited by its airiness and complexity. Young children and many elderly individuals can husking it difficult to operate viewers of electronic text and hence prefer the printed word. Perhaps there is a need for the invention of a cheap device with the human / computer interface vastly simplified for the purpose of reading and interacting with the electronic text. A new revolution is certainly possible and it is very likely already happening, in which humanity will live in a world without the printed book (De war, 2000, Complete) and (Smith, 1994, Chapters 1 4).Revolutionary social changes have always depended on the force of ideas which used to be conveyed through the print after an age of the oral tradition. However, the printed word on paper is now becoming rather inconvenient as a modal(a) for transmitting and disseminating these ideas and humanity has found more convenient ways for doing this. However, for revolutionary social change to be possible there has to be a need for change, merit in the ideas and a capacity to topple the live order or norms of the society. report has indicated that despite the force and the might of tyranny, it is the resoluteness of ideas and their appeal to the masses which are the engines for change. Hence, ideas presented through the written language must be widely available and considered to be important by the masses for revolutionary social change to take place. Because of the high cost of the computing equipment and the complexities involved in its operation as well as the fragility of the equipment, such equipment is still in the process of gaining a wider acceptance. Costs associated with communications and a decent bandwidth for telecommunications is also another deterrent. It will still take some time for the full effects of the information age to become apparent and there will be many unintended consequences of change in this age. However it is very likely that in the future, the print media will give way to the electronic text viewers / communicators as the most widely means for distributing these ideas and conducting social debates on them. Humanity has indeed come a long way since the invention of the printing press (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 5) and (Cooper, 2004, Complete).ConclusionThe print media has contributed very significantly to bringing about social change since the invention of the Gutenberg printing press. The renaissance, the scientific revolution and many other political revolutions benefited from the capability of the print to cheaply and conveniently disseminate ideas. It was, however, the force of these ideas which was behind the revolutions and the print acted by accelerating the dissemination, debate and acceptance of ideas, something which was not possible to be done in the oral tradition. 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