Business Process Reengineering Essay Example for Free

Business Process Reengineering EssayWhenever we regularize our drinks at the coffee shops on a daily basis, we atomic number 18 actually triggering a business process. When the server at the coffee shop takes the arrangement at our table, he allow pass our strays to the kitchen by let loose our orders from one end of the coffee shop to another. Most of the time, the kitchen helperer go out hear the order and activate to prepare. The waiter will thusly go around taking a few other orders. aft(prenominal) he is done with taking orders, he will collect the drinks from the kitchen and serve it to the customers. Customers will then stand up for the drinks. In the event there isnt enough revision for big notes, the waiter will concur to go back to the counter to break the notes into smaller variations in order to return the mark amount of change to the customers. In or so cases, he might deliver the wrong order as he doesnt note down the orders in pen and paper, he jus t passes on the order to the kitchen by shouting. Restaurant scenarioMany years down the road, the coffee shop has earned enough to patch up for a renovation and overhaul. The boss of the coffee shop has unflinching to upgrade the coffee shop to a restaurant. He realises that he need to retrain his provide to operate the restaurant as the methods of operating a restaurant differs from the methods of operating the coffee shop. He also realise that he can incorporate some equipment to help him process orders more(prenominal) efficiently. In summary, he needs to change the way the restaurant does things (processes) and how he does things (Method/tools used to carry out the task). The boss has to do a total revamp of the methods and processes of how he was antecedently used to in the coffee shop. This is what is meant by business process reengineering. In definition, business process is an organizational change in its methods used to design an organization to improve efficiency and effectiveness (Mehta, 2011). Reengineering is the organizational change characterized by drastic process transformation.Concepts BPR focus Objectives In order for companies to operate more efficiently, reduce waste, guard their customers and drive sales, understanding and applying BPR is essential for this change to happen. Firstly, we have to map out the organizations goals, objectives, simple business function, the people they have and the tools they use. The second objective would be to analyse the current process and design/revamp them. By doing so, companies will be able to achieve better ROI and legislate waste. This will help the company to gain competitive advantage over others in its efficiency and also profits (Muharram, 2007). positioning of BPRBPR is a framework designed for companies to adopt. This framework helps to optimize processes by making it more streamlined. A unspoilt example to explain this establish would be the difference between a vertical and c ross in operation(p) organization.Horizontal organizationIn a horizontal organization, the customer interacts only with one party scarcely in a vertical structure, customers might have to deal with different plane sections. Figure 3 shows a customer dealing with his account manager for the application of a loan. In the process, the customer does not need to deal with the different departments involved in the application of a loan. This allows the loan application to be more streamlined (Zigiaris, 2000). A vertical structure is not as efficient as customers will have to deal with several departments to process their requests. In a handle centre environment, when the customer logs a call for a IT issue, the calling department will answer his call and log the case.He will then be transferred to the technical department who will assist him with 1st level troubleshooting. In the event he cannot solve the problem, the matter will be escalated to a level 2 support and also a product sp ecialist. After his issue has been resolved, he will be transferred to the payment department where he will pay for the IT services he has used. After making payment, he will receive an email from the feedback department where they will ask the customer for feedback for the case.This slows down the entire process of resolving the problem from end to end. bingle of the main goal in BPR is to optimize the processes that takes place within the organization and reduce lead time. In order to do so, businesses has to look at its processes from a clean state perspective. For a company to be able to streamline their processes, they have to add look on to their customers through their processes. Processes should maintain its ability to add value to customers. For those processes that do not, we can automate them and put the focus on adding value. This will result in high customer satisfaction, better efficiency, elimination of watse and greater ROI(Park, 2008).BPR Methodologies There are several techniques to business process redesign and reengineering. We will discuss a few in this section. rooster and Champy A major overhaul in the organizations process and structure is one of the keys to ensuring that cost is lowered and service quality is being improved. The means of implemeting these is via the use of information technology. Besides reorganization and using IT to power the business, redesigning the work process and optimizing it, helps the organization to reduce time taken, lower costs and improve quality (Rouse, 2009). A Case study of cut through Motor CompanyFord used to employ viosterol accounts payable staff in the past. These 500 staff are running the tasks of tracking faults between purchase orders, receipts and invoices. After Ford decided to reengineer their process, the number of staff needed reduced from 500 to 125. Their reengineering efforts include * Creating an online database where all purchase orders issued by the buyers are being captured * Goods are being checked when received. The shipment being sent has to match with that in the database. This allows the staff to check if the goods were actual orders being indented. This system of checking eliminates the need to check for faults between purchase orders. * Goods being received will be marked as received and the database is being updated real-time. (Hammer Champy, 2000)Perspective of process reengineering by Hammer and Champy 1. Organize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Identify all the processes in an organization and prioritize them in order of redesign urgency. 3. Integrate information processing work into the real work that produces the information. 4. Treat geographically outspread resources as though they were centralized. 5. Link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just integrating their results. 6. portion the decision point where the work is performed, and build control into the process. 7. Capture information once and at the source.(Rouse, 2009 ) The methodological analysis preached by Hammer and Champy clearly reflects what was being discussed in the BPR focus and objectives at the start of this report. Its focus is to eliminate waste and also to focus on deliverables that will add value to customers. In order to do so, IT systems can be employed in order to automate processes which do not add value. This point of automation is being reiterated in the case study of Ford Motors. This concept of rethinking and redesigning the business process radically helps us to improve many areas of the business such as lowering costs, improving customer service, consider quality is being maintained and speed up the entire workflow.

Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Peoples testThe peak of the globalization is loosely felt when every culture around the world is structured into a centr tout ensembley focused ideal that encapsulates each grotesque cultural set-up lend oneselfd around the world. When all these cultures atomic number 18 whateverhow weded in something that both caters to each need of the various cultures of people and introduces an open arrangement and tolerance to all the available sub-cultures within a token state or nation, there is no question that globalization has taken its effect to its most fundamentally favored level. Such is the case later reading the book A Global History of Indigenous Peoples by Ken S. Coates that, according to some reviews, examines the history of the native/tribal peoples of the world and the work spans of the period from the pivotal migrations which saw the peopling of the world, and further examines the processes by which tribal peoples established themselves as separate fr om surplus-based and more material societies (Barnes and Noble). The book is excessively a successful introduction to how the impact of the differing policies of global struggles of cultural domination takes place in the world and how the colonization of these changes has force the autochthonic cultures. As a form of digest in the chapter of the book entitled Continuing the manage Indigenous Protests, Legal Agendas, and Aboriginal Internationalism, it would be great to high gear dispirit how the impact of globalization do the integration of the different innate cultures in some leading countries successful.In this aspect, no country is better to break and cite as an example than the great cultural history of the indigenous rights movement in Canada. Moreover, the analysis in this given area should focus both on how the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been integrated into the globalization integration of cultures and to how this degree has been made manifest in the uniqueness of the indigenous rights culture of the particular state.Secondly, an analysis on how this uniqueness has been able to relate to the international scenario of protests and processes that are forming the cultural integration of all the major cultures practiced in our time, is also very important. Degree of the Indigenous rights Movement in Canada When we contend the indigenous rights movement in Canada, the most immediate things we can think about and can connect to the book of Ken S. Coates are the aboriginal nature of Canadians to value the basic human right of living, the practice of democracy in their lifestyle and the value of the self-respect and integrity among their people.In the first indigenous rights movement, the main(prenominal) concern is essentially concentrated on the discrimination shown by the non-indigenous people to the basic rights of living of the indigenous ones. This is mostly felt by the Canadians in the aspect of their housing plans and the way they construct and develop the indigenous livelihood and community. With this problem, the degree of the indigenous rights movement in Canada is in a level so widespread, that it has already caught the attention of the United Nations.In this aspect alone, it could be said that the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been made unique because of its unrelenting value for the preservation of the rights of indigenous living. The second indigenous rights movement that is unique to Canadians is mostly concerned with the practice of democracy in the lifestyle of the indigenous people. The Amnesty International Canada article embrace laying out the legislative proposals for the respect of the rights of the Indigenous rights of Canadians is one of the great examples on how this movement is unique to the Canadians living an indigenous lifestyle. (Amnesty International Website)The third indigenous rights movement that has created a certain level of high degree of respect and practice amo ng the indigenous Canada is the respect for the rights of women and the condemning of any type of human abuse. This indigenous rights movement is one of those unique Canadian struggles that hurt been recognized so greatly by the world, the U. N. plane made sure that these new requests by the indigenous people would become part of the new regulation addressing indigenous rights across the globe.Connection to broader international protests and processes In a great general approach, it would be skillful to say that these unique indigenous rights movement start out been so great and effective in attempting to extrapolate all the other international protests on human rights, that some(prenominal) of the breakthrough movements across the world have already used these ideas as an ideal platform for all future proposals of addressing indigenous rights.One of the numerous examples we can cite for this connection is the creation of the Indigenous peoples legislation concerning the rat ification of ILO figure 169 (the Indigenous and Tribal peoples) of the United Nations. This, along with the many global movements in addressing the global challenge of compound indigenous cultures across the globe, is a significant international political process that, among many other things, gives light to the many demands of universalizing the indigenous rights of people in different nations.Secondly, it would also be great to highlight that many of the legislation found in the proposals advancing the rights of ownership, the respect for the rights of women and the anti-discrimination act of Canadian indigenous communities have also become great tools in understanding the great resolution of the differing conflicts between the different religions globally that have been caused by the great misunderstanding of cultures. These are the clear international process that have been caused by the Canadian indigenous rights movement.

A comparison between Jean Rhys and Una Marson Essay Example for Free

A comparison amid denim Rhys and Una Marson Essay sweep into the MetropolisExile in the Works of Jean Rhys and Una Marson.In Jonathan Millers 1970 production of Shakespe bes The Tempest the character of Caliban was cast as nigrify, therefore reigniting the bind surrounded by the Prospero/Caliban figure of speech as the colonizer/ colonise. It was not a new judgement, indeed Shakespeare him self envisaged the play set on an is world in the Antilles and the play would have had great appeal at the time when new territories were be discovered, conquered, plundered and providing seemingly inexhaustible revenue for the colonisers. What is come outicularly interesting, however, is how powerful the play later(prenominal) becomes for discourse on compoundism. This trope of Caliban is employ by George Lamming in The Pleasures of Exile where he worryns Prospero in his intercourseship with Caliban, to the start slave-traders who pulmonary tuberculosisd physical multitude and then their enculturation to subjugate the Afri mess and the Carib, overcoming any rebellion with a self righteous de borderinism. In The Pleasures of Exile Lamming sees Caliban asMan and other than earth. Caliban is his convert, colonized by delivery, and excluded by lyric numbers. It is precisely this gift of language, this tone-beginning at transformation which has brought about the pleasure and the paradox of Calibans exile. Exiled from his gods, exiled from his nature, exiled from his witness note Yet Prospero is afraid of Caliban. He is afraid beca use of goods and services he knows that his encounter with Caliban is, largely, his encounter with himself. 1The Prospero/Caliban paradigm is a very relevant attri juste for the colonizer/colonized situation of the tungsten Indies but it nevertheless dwells a paterna tendencyic coif. Where does that give women of the Caribbean? It could be argued that the Caribbean muliebrity has been even further marginalized. That in making Caliban the model of the Caribbean man it is therefore providing him with a vocalisation.Yet nowhere in the Tempest is there a female counter firearm, rendering the Caribbean cleaning lady concealed as well as silent and ignoring an essential part of their historical culture. some other issue raise here, is that Caribbean literature has for some years been male dominated. Just as the colonizer sought to ignore and marginalize their savage early(a) so the Caribbean male has ignored their female counterpart. Opal Palmer Adisa, in exploring this issue, believes that it is out of this patriarchal structure, knowing to make her an object, part of the landscape to be used and discarded as seen fit by the colonizer, that the Caribbean woman has emerged.2It was out of such a patriarchal structure that Jean Rhys and Una Marson emerged. The writing of both(prenominal) women revise and continue theme and personae, subverting a compound and patriarchal culture. two women may exist in different ethnologic and ontological realms but they both exist in worlds which have, at one time or another, establish to censure, silence or ignore the ideals and interests of women3 Like many of their male Caribbean counterparts to succeed them, their writing was greatly influenced by voyaging into the colonial metropolis and living in exile. In this essay I leave alone discuss the immensity of that journey in seeking to find a voice, an individualism, and even a language to ch solelyenge formal judgements of Self, gender and race deep down the colonial structure. But essential to their experience is their endeavor. Naipaul recognised, in Rhys, the themes of isolation, an absence of corporation or residential area, the sense of things falling apart, dependence, loss.4 This could withal be said of Marson.Jean Rhys was innate(p) Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams on twenty-fourth August 1890, in Roseau, Dominica to a Creole mother of Scottish descent and a Wel sh produce who was a doctor. Rhys left Dominica in 1907, aged sixteen and continued her education in a Cambridge girlfriends conditioning and then at the Academy of Dramatic Art which she left after two terms. Rhys experienced observeings of disaffection and isolation at both these institutions and these feelings were to stay with her for much of her invigoration. Upon pursuing a career as a chorus girl under a variety of names Rhys embarked on an affair with a man twenty years older than herself and which lasted two years. It is broadly accepted that this early period of her capital of the United Kingdom life formed the structure for Voyage In The colored, and allowardised all of Rhyss new(a)s, explores homelessness, perturbation, the marginal and the migrant. The character of Anna, like nearly of her female protagonists exists in the demimonde of urban center life, living on the wrong side of respectability. What Rhys does effectively in this novel is to centralize the marginalized, those prevail overs who belong nowhere, mingled with cultures, amid histories.5Una Marson was born in rural Jamaica in 1905. Her father was a well respected Baptist minister and as a bequeath of his stand up in spite of appearance the community Marson had the prospect to be educated on a scholarship at Hampton High School, a boarding school for mainly discolour, middle discipline girls. After finding employment as a stenographer, Marson went on to ignore the Jamaican Critic, an accomplished literary publication, and from 1928-1921, her own magazine The Cosmopolitan. Having established herself as a poet, playwright and womens active Marson made the decision to travel to Britain.Her achievements in capital of the United Kingdom were impressive a social activist within the League of Coloured Peoples which led to her taking a post as secretary to the de pose Emperor Haile Selassie and later she was appointed as a BBC commentator. In reality, however, Mars on, like Rhys found the ocean trip into the Metropolis very problematic. approach blatant racial discrimination like so many air jacket Indian women migrants of the 1950s, Una found herself obstruct at every turn. She complained and cried she felt lone(prenominal) and humiliated,. 6 In spite of many literary and social connections she remained an isolated and marginal figure. Her song displays the uncertainty of heathen belong where her language ties her to colonialism til now to a fault provides her with a powerful tool with which to challenge it.In placing Rhys alongside Marson as pioneering female writers, it is important to explore the notion of nationality, of universe Caribbean and to question the grounds upon which such ideas are constructed. Both women were writing at the same time, having been born and educated in the British colonies. Both these writers, whose lives span the twentieth one C, are situated at the village of the colonial and post-colonial, the mode rn and post modern, where the threat of fascism and war result in anti colonial struggles and eventual(prenominal) decolonisation across the world. Their transits from the colonies into the metropolitan mettle generate similar experiences.What is clear with both is that by travel into the metropolis, as women, they occupy a double marginal position within an already marginalized community. Their journey can be seen as an exploration of displacement where, consort to Edward W. Said, the intellectual exile exists in a median(prenominal) state, neither completely at one with the new setting nor fully disencumbered of the old, beset with fractional involvements and half attachments, nostalgic and sentimental at one level, an adept mimic or a secret shipwreck survivor on the other.7 Rhys and Marson, having left the Caribbean are asking us to consider what it meat to write from the margins. Within their officiate, both women challenge notions of womens place within fellowship an d womens place as a colonized subject in the metropolitan centre.The protagonist, Anna Morgan, in Voyage in the Dark, reflects Rhyss own multi indeterminate, multi conflicted individuality. Anna, like Rhys is a dust coat descendent of British colonists and slave traders who occupy a precarious position of world inbetween. Hated by the denses for their part in oppressing the slaves and continuing to cling on to that superior social position, they are also regarded by the mother farming as the last vestiges of a degenerate part of their own history best forgotten. Moreover, 1930s England, mollify under the shadow of Victorian practice dicta, continued to judge harshly a young woman without wealth, family, social position and with an odd accent.Throughout the novel Anna is identified with characters who are usually objectified and silenced in canonical works the chorus girl, the mannequin, the demimondaine.8 Much has been made of her reading of Zolas Nana and indeed there are m any parallels between the two characters. Anna, like Nana becomes a prostitute and in the freshman version of Voyage in the Dark Anna like Nana dies very young. in that respect is of course the obvious anagram of her name but, as Elaine racy highlights, some interesting revisions by Rhys. Whereas Zola, in Nana, creates a character who brings about the downfall of upper class men not with power but with only the unsophisticated currency of youth and new female sexuality9 Rhys, in Anna, creates a character who is herself destroyed by men.In Rhyss version the men who use her youth and ravisher are for the about part evidently cowardly or downright disreputable Anna herself begins as naively trusting, passes finished a stage of self destructive hopelessness and passivity and ends, in Rhyss preferred, unpublished version, by dying from a botched abortion.10If we are to see Walter Jeffries as the original European, existing in a world viewed certainly by himself as principally ord ered and reasonable then Rhys is, through and through this character, foreground the degenerate aspect of using power to commodify and even destroy, thereby subverting the colonizers position in relation to the colonized.Through the character of Anna, Rhys explores those oppositions of Self and Other, male and female, scurrilous and discolour. Even though she outwardly resembles the ovalbumin European, enabling her, unlike Marson, to blend visually within London, her tie beam with the Caribbean sets her apart as between cruddy and washrag cultures and as an exotic Other. This am banginguity of Annas position results in slippage. Anna and her family would have been regarded in the West Indies as the duster colonizers. In England and in her family with Jeffries she becomes the colonized Other. In existence read as the colonized subject Anna is continually having to adapt her world view and sense of identity to the perspective being imposed on her. A good example of this is the chorus girlss renaming her as the Hottentot aligning her to a greater extent with the sour African and demonstrating the homogenizing of the colonized peoples by the colonizers.This is similar to Spivaks belief that so intimate a thing as personal and man identity might be determined by the politics of imperialism.11 Interestingly, Hottentot is the former name for the Nama, a mobile tribe of Southern Africa. A somewhat apt comparison which reflects Annas own nomadic existence as she moves from town to town as a chorus girl and from one bed sit to another. The term Hottentot developed into a derogatory term during the Victorian era and became synonymous startlely with wide hipped, big bottomed African women with oversized genitals and then with the sexuality of a prostitute.Jeffries is fully cognisant of the implications of the name Hottentot. In response to hearing Annas renaming he says, I hope you call them something worse back.12 Elaine piquant makes a strong connectio n between Annas renaming and her relationship with Jeffries, her eventual seducer. Whilst not looking at Annas body in an obvious way, at last the transaction between them is understood fully on his side to be a promise of sexual excitement from a whiteness woman whom he perceives as having an extra agitate presumably from association with racist constructions of disconsolate females in his culture.13Franz Fanon, in his book minacious Skin, White Masks perceives these mazy colonial relations as being in a state of flux rather than set or static. In his introduction to Fanons text, Homi Bhabha highlights this point, stating that the familiar alignment of colonial subjectsBlack/White, Self/Otheris disturbedand the traditional grounds of racial identity are dispersed.14 So it is in the relationship between Jeffries and Anna. In transposing the colonizers unimaginative images of a black woman onto Anna he is disrupting and dispersing those traditional grounds of racial identity.Mo reover, Anna is sub conscious(p)ly enacting a mediated performance, aware of her relate upon him and the implications of her actions, in an attempt to adhere to his preconceptions of her. The relationship cannot be sustained on these fundamentally unstable preconceptions. Anna, both as a female and racial Other is penetrated by Jeffries and with the exchange of money is commodified. Without independent means Anna becomes that purchasable girl who is at the mercy of and eventually becomes dependent upon the upper middle class Jeffries. The relationship between these two characters reflects Rhyss own location in the world where the West Indies was at the time passive a commodity of the British Empire.In another analysis of the colonial stereotype, Homi Bhabha challenges the limiting and traditional credence of the stereotype as offering, at any one time, a secure point of identification on the part of the individual,15 in this case Jeffries and Hester. Bhabha does not argue that th e colonizers stereotyping of the colonized Other is as a result of his security in his own identity or conception of himself but more to do with the colonizers own identity and authority which is in event destabilized by contradictory responses to the Other. In order to maintain a powerful position it is important, according to Bhabha, for the colonizer to identify the colonized with the image he has already situated in his sense. This image can be ambiguous as the colonized subject can be simultaneously familiar under the penetrable regard of the all sightedness, all powerful colonial gaze and be incomprehensible like the inscrutable Oriental. The colonized can beboth savageand yet the most obedient and dignified of servants he is the embodiment of rampant sexuality and yet innocent as a child he is mystical, primitive, simpleminded and yet the most worldly and accomplished liar , and the manipulator of social forces.16In diddle, for Bhabha, the relationship between the colon izer and the colonized is riddled with contradictions and inconsistencies which, when imposed upon the colonized Other, cause a crisis of identity. So it is with Anna. Jeffries upon first meeting with the very young Anna can see that she is as innocent as a child and is most obedient sexually, but by her association with the Caribbean and the Hottentot as I have previously explored, she is subsequently attributed with being the embodiment of rampant sexuality resulting in his taking of her virginity, abandoning her to prostitution but also leading to as Veronica Clegg observes a loss of temporal referents17Annas stepmother, Hester, also attempts to impose an identity upon Anna which not only conflicts with Annas own sense of identity but is also based around stereotypical perceptions. . Hester, whose voice represents a repressive side of meat colonial law18 believes that Annas fathers troubles resulted from his having lost touch with everybody in England19 and that these severing of ties with the over-embellished motherland is a signal to her that he was failing,20 losing his identity, reduced to the level of the black inhabitants of the island. This idea of contamination and racial reduction is explored by Paul B. Rich who explains that there was a belief in the early twentieth century that white people in the tropics risked in the absence of continual heathen contacts with their restrained northern culture, being reduced to the level of those black races with whom they had made their unnatural home.21In Hesters eyes this observable loss of identity is also experienced by Anna. She continually criticizes her speech, her relationship with Francine the black servant, and also insinuates degenerative behaviour on the part of her family, particularly Uncle Bo. Hesters views reflect the growing disapproval in England at that time, of relationships between white people and the black population in the West Indies. Inter-racial relationships were discouraged f or fear of contamination of the white Self. In voicing her disapproval of Annas friendship with Francine along with her continual use of the racist and derogatory term ringtail, Hester is alluding to the fact that, in her opinion, Anna, especially through her speech, has indeed been contaminated and reduced racially and that Annas association with Francine thwarts her attempts to reconnect her with the colonizers cultural contacts.Hester rails that she finds it impossible to get you Anna away from the servants. That awful sing-song voice you had Exactly like a nigger you talkedand still do. Exactly like that dreadful girl Francine. When you were jabbering away together in the buttery I never could tell which of you was chating.22 Hesters constant criticism only serves to undermine Annas real identity and slue her further from the Caribbean world she once inhabited and the alienating London world she is now experiencing. Her accent sets her apart, blow between two worlds.Annas d ifficulties in negotiating these two worlds is a result of the return of the diasporic to the metropolitan centre where the amazement of the living is most acutely experienced.23 This can certainly be seen in her response to the weather which, according to Bhabha, invokes the most changeable and imminent signs of national fight24 The novel opens withIt was as if a curtain had fallen, hiding everything I had ever known. It was close to like being born again. The colours were different, the smells different, the feeling things gave you right down indoors yourself was different. Not just the deflection between heat and cold light, biasedness purple, grey. But a dissimilarity in the way I was frightened and the way I was happy. I didnt like London at first. I couldnt get used to the cold.25And later upon arriving in England with Hester she describes it as being divided into squares like pocket-handkerchiefs a small tidy look it had, everywhere fenced off from everywhere else 26and then in London where the dark houses all alike frowning down one after another27 Throughout the novel Anna continually experiences feelings of being enclosed. Many of the bedsits are restricting and box-like. On one occasion she remarks that this damned rooms getting small and smallerAnd about the rows of houses outside gimcrack, rotten-looking and all exactly alike.28 The many small rooms between which Anna moves emphasize her disempowerment through enclosed spaces. These spaces, in turn, serve as metaphors for the consequences in voyaging into the metropolitan centre. She is at once shut inside these small monotonous rooms and shut out from that world which has sought to colonize her. It is perhaps juiceless that the further she moves into the centre of the city, ending up as she does on Bird bridle-path, just off Oxford track , the more she is shut out and marginalized by that imperialistic society.Her memories of the West Indies are in sharp line of descent to her impress ions of England. The images of home are al slipway affectionate, vivid and exotic, Thinking of the walls of the Old Estate firm, still standing, with moss on them. That was the garden. hotshot ruined room for roses, one for orchids, one for ferns. And the honeysuckle all along the steep flight of steps.29 When comparison the two worlds she remarks to herself that the colours are red, purple, blue , gold, all shades of green. The colours here are black, grey, dim-green, grim blue, the white of peoples faces like woodlice. 30 Her memory of home is experienced sensuously as she recalls the sights and smellsMarket Street smelt of the wind but the narrow street smelt of niggers and wood smoke and salt fishcakes deep-fried in lard and the sound of the black women as they call out, salt fishcakes, all bouquet an charmin, all sweet an charmin.31Anna attempts to convey this richness to Jeffries. His failure to appreciate the kayo she describes merely underlines the differences between the two. He expresses a p audience for cold places remarking that The tropics would be altogether too lush.32 Jeffriess reaction to the West Indies in fact reflects the colonizers view that the ruined room for roses and orchids portray a disorder, a garden of Eden complete with its implications of moral decay and as Bhabha states, a tropical chaos that was deemed despotic and ungovernable and therefore worthyy of the civilizing mission.33 Annas association with this world sets her up, in Walters eyes, as a figure representing a secret depravity promising command desires. Anna, like the West Indies is something to be overpowered, enslaved and colonized, where the colonizer seeks to strip their identity and impose their own beliefs and desires.It is significant, therefore, that following this picture Anna loses her virginity to Jeffries and recalls the memory of the mulatto slave girl, Maillotte Boyd, aged 18, whose record Anna once found on an old slave list at Constance.34 Like Maillotte Boyd, Anna is now merely a commodity and Jeffries has no intention of ever seeing her as an equal. Her purity, in his eyes isnt worth preserving as he already considers her the contaminated Other. By his actions he succeeds in maintaining that patriarchal imperialism which relies on institutional forms of racial and national separateness. Anna, as a twentieth century white Creole, is no freer than the nineteenth century mulatto slave. Just as Maillotte Boyd is, as racially mixed, suspended between two races, so Anna as a white Creole is suspended between two cultures, exit her dislocated.Annas voyage into the imperialist metropolis leads to boundaries and codes of behaviour, language and dress being constantly imposed upon her. She is aware for example of the importance of clothes as a means of controlling her social standing and also her standing as a woman. Through her dress Anna almost becomes that elegant white lady, mimicking Londons female high society. For Jeffries , Anna represents the exist of caricature, which , according to Bhabha is a difference which is almost nothing but not quite and which turns to menace- a difference that is total but not quite.35 This mimicry serves to empower Anna as it ultimately destabilises the essentialism of colonialist ideology, resulting in Jeffries imposing upon Anna the identity of the West Indian Other This in turn leads to feelings of loss, hallucination and dislocation, a rejection of being white and a desire to be black. I always wanted to be black.I was happy because Francine was there.Being black is warm and gay, being white is cold and sad.36 Annas association with Hester meant that she hated being white. Being white and getting like Hester, old and sad and everything.37 Yet the warmth she expresses in her memories of Francine are always tempered by her acknowledgement that Francine disliked her because I Anna was white.38 Her feelings of being between cultures and feeling dislocated are never f ully resolved. Annas voyage in the dark, reflects Rhyss own sense of exile and marginality as a white West Indian woman. Teresa OConnor remarks that Rhys, herself caught between places, cultures, classes and races, never able to identify clearly with one or the other, gives the same marginality to her heroines, so that they reflect the alone(predicate) experience of dislocation of the white Creole woman.39The language used to express feelings of exile and loneliness, destitution and dislocation is both sparse and economic. It is neither decorative nor contrived, devoid of sentiment or without seeking sympathy. In commenting upon an essay written by Rhys discussing gender politics, Gregg writes that It is important to note her Rhyss belief that writing has a subversive potential. Resistancecan be carried out through writing that exposes and opposes the political and social arrangements.40 Helen Carr, in her exploration of Rhyss language believes thatRhys in her fictions unpicks and mocks the language by which the powerful keep control, while at the same time shifting, bending, re-inventing ways of using language to open up fresh possibilities of being.41Una Marson, another Caribbean to voyage into the metropolis, also experienced loneliness, isolation and a struggle with the complexity of identity. Like Rhys, Marson fought with these feelings throughout her life, resulting in long periods of depression. Her belief in womens need for pride in their cultural heritage established Marson as the earliest female poet of significance to emerge in West Indian literature.42 She not only challenged received notions of womens place in society but also elevated questions about the relationship of the colonized subject to the mother country43There was a considerable amount of poetry emerging out of the West Indies around this time but most of it was dismissed as being not truly West Indian,44 the reason for this being partly because many of the writers were English but al so because many of the styles used by these writers mimicked colonial forms. Many of Marsons early poetry reflects this mimicry showing a reliance upon the Romantics of the English poetic tradition, particularly Shelley, Wordsworth and Byron. The poem Spring in England reveals this indebtedness to the Romantics, including as it does a stanza where, having observed the arrival of Spring in London, the poet asksAnd what are daffodils, daffodilsDaffodils that Wordsworth praised?I asked. Wait for Spring,Wait for the Spring, the birds replied.I waited for Spring, and lo they came,A host of shining daffodilsBeside the lake beneath the trees(The Moth p6)45Clearly there are echoes of Wordsworths Daffodils throughout the stanza, reflecting the drive by colonialism through education to eradicate the West Indian selfhood. Yet for Marson this harnessing of English culture not only posed few problems but indeed was, I would argue, a necessary step in her voyage of self discovery. As seen with Rh ys, mimicry was a subversive threat to colonial ideology, especially through language. Homi Bhabhas notion of mimicry seeks to explore those ambivalences of such destabilizing colonial and post-colonial exchanges.The menace of mimicry is its double vision which in disclosing the ambivalence of colonial discourse also disrupts its authority. The ambivalence of colonial authority repeatedly turns from mimicry a difference which is almost nothing but not quite to menace a difference that is almost total but not quite. And in that other scene of colonial power, where history turns to farce and presence to a part can be seen the twin figures of narcissism and paranoia that repeat furiously, uncontrollably.46Bhabhas essay in recognising the power, the play and the dynamics between the colonizer and the colonized offers an selection to the pessimistic view held by V.S. Naipaul who believed that West Indian culture was ill-fated to mimicry, unable to create anything original. Marsons m imicry of the Romantics could be seen as a preparation to enter the colonizers metropolis, and to attempt to put one across into the colonizers world. In making that voyage to the metropolis, Una Marson succeeds in taking that step from the copy to the original. By remaining in Jamaica Marson risked remaining in an environment too rigidly ingrained by colonial prescriptions.Una Marsons voyage into the center field of the Empire, however, resulted in intense disappointment. For the first time, Marson experienced open racism and according to Jarrett-McCauley The truth was that Una dreaded sacking out because people stared at her, men were curious but their gaze insulted her, even small children with short dimpled legs called her common racoonShe was a black foreigner seen only as strange and unwanted. This was the Fact of Blackness which Fanon was to analyse in Black Skins, White Masks(1952), that inescapable, heightening level of consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes. 47Unlike Rhys, Marson was finding it impossible to blend visually within London. Consciousness of her colour made Marson conscious of her marginality. This consciousness led her seriously to question the values of the mother country. Marsons work moved from mimicry to anti-patriarchal discourse, seen in her poem Politeness where she responds to the William Blake poem diminished Black Boy withThey tell usThat our skin is blackBut our hearts are whiteWe tell themThat their skin is whiteBut their hearts are black(Tropic Reveries p 44)The poem demonstrates Marsons growing resentment at being alienated by the colonial power. There is an uncertainty in her desire to both belong and to challenge, echoing Rhys in her sense of cultural unbelonging. Those anti-patriarchal feelings are present once more in her poem Nigger where she communicates the anger she feels at being abused and marginalized as the racial Other.They call me NiggerThose teentsy white urchins,They laughed and shoutedAs I passed along the street,They flung it at meNigger Nigger NiggerShe retorts to this abuse furiously withYou who feel that you are sprungOf earths first blood, your eyesAre blinded now with arrogance.With ruthlessness you searedMy peoples flesh and now you stillWould bewilder their very soulAdd fierce insult to vilest injury.48In its repetition of the shocking term Nigger, Marson is confronting the white colonialists use of the word to exert power over and oppress the colonized. The violence of its use reflects the violence of their divided history where Of those who drove the Negroes / To their death in days of slavery, regard Coloured clan aslow and base.49 In highlighting this history of violence, oppression and slavery, Marson is attempting to invert this oppression and dislodge the notion of white supremacy, whilst attempting to carry on a position from West Indian to African and in doing so, fashion an identity. By writing the poem in the first person singular an d moving from They to You when addressing the white colonizers, Marson succeeds in centralizing herself and reversing the binary system of Self and Other.Nigger marks Marsons sharpened perspective on issues such as racism and identity. Her voyage into the metropolitan centre triggers those emergent identifications and new social movementsbeingplayed out.50 It was a time in Marsons life where she was made to feel inadequate, lonely and humiliated but it also roused her to resist the corrosive force of her authoritarian world.51 Nigger reveals this sense of belonging and not belonging felt by Marson, of being part of the empire but never part of the Motherland, yet it simultaneously challenges the very essentialism in which the colonial Self is rooted.Moreover, the hostility she experiences in many ways acknowledges the success of Marsons performance as a hybrid. Marsons frustration and anger was compounded by the fact that in being middle class and educated she possibly saw herself as a notch higher up the poor, black working class women from the old communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and London52 Marson explores this question of how middle class West Indians negotiate being educated and yet marginalized and even considered inferior in her play London Calling. The play, based on the experiences of colonial students in London charts the story of a group of expatriates who, upon being invited to the house of an aristocratic English family, dress up in outlandish native costume and speak in broken English.The play, a comedy, takes a light hearted look at the stereotypical images held by the British, at the same time countering the fabrication of black inferiority. There is, in the play, a curious twist as the students from Novoko are presented as black versions of the British in their dress and behaviour, mimic men and yet they themselves attempt to mimic their own folk culture. They are eventually discovered by one of the family, Larkspur, who then proposes mar riage to Rita, one of the Novokans. The play ends with Rita declining Larkspurs proposition in favour of Alton, another Novokan. This rejection of Larkspur places Rita in a powerful position. Rita is no longer the undesirable Other, she has resisted the oppressive world of the colonialists and placed herself as the centralised Self. Rita is Marsons fantasy where the black woman is recognised as sightly and an equal.Marsons activities in the League of Coloured Nations gave her purpose, direction and the opportunity to advance her political education whilst introducing her to the Pan African movement a sort of boomerang from the horrors of slavery and colonialism, to which Una, like many of her generation, was being steadily drawn.53 Marsons work around this time reflects a desire to reclaim and restore that Other cultural tradition, a difficult task as the Caribbean was not an homogeneous agency and it was not easy to establish a pre-colonial culture. The pagan mix was large and hybrid making the notion of Caribbeanness less easy to define. The Pan-African movement provided links with an alternative body to European colonialism and offered Marson a platform to renegotiate and redefine her idea of Caribbeaness and race, an option not offered to Rhys. Having established a sense of being a black person in a white imperialist centre, she now needed to make sense of being a black woman within this paternal centre.The poem Little Brown Girl attempts just this, constructing a dialogue of sorts between a white Londoner, whose gender is unclear, and a little brown girl. The poem begins with a series of questions put to the childLittle brown girlWhy do you wander aloneAbout the streetsOf the great cityOf London?Why do you start and winceWhen white folk stare at youDont you think they peculiarityWhy a little brown girlShould roam about their cityTheir white, white city?(The Moth, p11)The questioning of the little brown girls presence in London suggests a linguistic imperialism. It may be construed as the vocaliser challenging her right to be in the city, establishing her as the nameless, black Other. Her feeling of difference is emphasized in the repetition of the word white on the final line of the second stanza. The three stanza plays out an interesting reversal in notions of blackness. The speaker asks why she has left the little sunlit land / where we sometimes go / to rest and get brown54 alluding to the desire of white skinned people to tan which for the white colonialist signifies wealth, for the black Other being inferior and uneducated.From here there is a subtle shift of speaker and London is seen through the eyes of the little brown girl. Her perception of the city is distinctly unattractive where There are no laughing faces, / people frown if one really laughs andTheres nothing picturesqueTo be seen in the streets,Nothing but people cladIn Coats, Coats, Coats,(The Moth, p11)If the poem began with the strangeness of the brown girl to the white gaze, here it teases out those feelings of alienation felt by the little brown girl at being in such a cold, drab place, so different from her own home. erstwhile more Marson creates a reversal in the stereotype as she seeks to objectify white people observing that the kinfolk are all white -/ White, white, white, / And they all seem the same.55 In homogenizing the colonizers, the hybridity of the West Indians are then noteworthy in the many varied skin tones of black and bronze and brown which are themselves homogenized by the label Black. The vibrancy, colour and friendliness of back home where the folks are Parading the city wearing impertinent attractive bandanas contrasts with the previous stanza of the dour images of London.The dialogue is handed back to the white speaker who attempts to establish the origins of the little black girl but succeeds in once more re-establishing the homogeneic white gaze indicated in the speakers inability to distinguish between many distinct nations And from whence are youLittle brown girl?I guess Africa, or India,Ah no, from some islandIn the West IndiesBut isnt that IndiaAll the same?(The Moth, p13)More than anything the poem conveys that sense of isolation felt by the little brown girl in the city. She never answers the white speaker directly and is positioned in the middle of the poem, again centralizing the colonized. In asking the question Would you like to be white/Little brown girl? there is a sense of the colonizer attempting to rig and dominate the colonized, to Europeanise, ultimately leading to mimicry. Yet the questioner responds himself with I dont think you would / For you toss your head / As though you are proud / To be brown. 56 Marson, here, signals a move away from being a mimic man seeking to challenge that whole Eurocentric paternalistic world and centralise the black women, the most marginalized figure in society.The themes central to Little Brown Girls themes echo Rhyss own negativ e reactions to London seen in the opening page of Voyage in the Dark. Like Rhys, Marson succeeds in capturing that colour and warmth of the West Indies contrasting greatly with the misery of London, experienced by both and which reinforce that racial and national separateness. Those differences rebel for both to be irreconcilable, making it impossible for both Rhys and Marson to integrate, leaving both women dislocated from the metropolis. Little Black Girl serves as a useful reminder that many immigrants were women. This encounter between the city and a woman (in Marsons case, a black woman) echoes Annas encounter in Voyage in the Dark albeit as a prostitute.Both walk the streets of the city and as women-as-walkers encounter the metropolis, negotiating its spaces. Denise deCaires Narian suggests that certainly Marson could be considered as a flaneuse.57 neither Rhys nor Marson, however have the confident panache of the flaneuse and neither fulfil the requirements of flanerie origi nally set out by Baudelaire. The flaneur, he asserted, saw the crowd as his domain, His passion and his profession is to merge with the crowd.58 The flaneur and therefore the flaneuse is engaged in strolling and looking but most importantly merging with the crowd. For Marson this is impossible as she is a black woman in a white city.Moreover, Baudelaire expands upon the idea of the flaneur as having the ability to be away from home and yet to feel at home anywhere, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to be unseen of the world.59 again this is problematic for both Marson and Rhys as their wanderings around the metropolis seek only to reinforce those feelings of Otherness, isolation and marginality. For Marson these feelings of alienation gained her the reputation of being a true loner who didnt exactly seek out company60 leading to a heightened level of bodily consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes.61In her struggle with being marginalized as a black wom en always at the mercy of the white metropolitan gaze, Marson was always aware of that Europeanised sense of beauty being white. This idea of beauty was so entrenched, even within the black community that they themselves set beauty against the paleness of their own skin. The importance of popularly disseminated images is tackled in pic Eyes where a black mother in addressing her daughter attempts to challenge the idea that Europeans still provide the aesthetic reference point.62 The speaker urges her eighteen year old daughter to avoid the movie theater fearing that it might reinforce the idea that white is beautiful causing the girl to lose sight of her own beautyCome, I will let you goWhen black beautiesAre chosen for the screenThat you may knowYour own sweet beautyAnd not the white lovelinessOf others for envy.(The Moth, p88)By growing up with a cinema mind the mother has allowed herself to be at the mercy of those tools used by the colonizer to marginalize and indoctrinate, pr omoting their own superiority. Once again the mimic man re-emerges when black women reject their own in seeking an ideal man. No kinky haired man for me, / No black face, no black children for me.63 This rather melodramatic narrative within the poem tells of the mothers fair husband shooting her first suitor whom she had initially rejected for being too dark, and then committing suicide.The shooting scene, a re enactment of a gun fight in a western, presents the cinema as a racist and degenerate institution. By the end of the poem, the speaker acknowledges her mistake in rejecting the first lover and finds a sense of self, previously denied by the saturation of cinematic images. In trembling off the colonizers indoctrination, which seeks to marginalize her, she addresses the question posed by Franz Fanon which is to what extent authentic love will remain unattainable before one has purged oneself of that feeling of inferiority?64 Black invisibility in the cinema results in white id eology being forced upon a black body and essentially commodifying it and it is this which Marson seeks to deconstruct.Another poem which tackles the reconstruction of female identity is Black is Fancy, where the speaker compares her reflection in the mirror with a picture Of a beautiful white lady.65 The mirror serves to reclaim the idea of black as being beautiful and a rediscovery of selfSince Aunt Lisa gave meThis nice looking glassI begin to feel proudOf my own self(The Moth, p75)The speaker eventually removes the picture of the white woman suggesting that black worth and beauty can only really exist in the absence of white colonialism. The poem ends in a victory of sorts as she declares that John, her lover has rejected the pale skin in favour of His black ivory girl.66Kinky Haired Blues represents Marsons quest for a more effective and authentic poetic voice in its use of African American speech.. The poem explores the rhythms and musical influences found in Harlem and gather ing neural impulse about this time. Kinky Haired Blues like Cinema Eyes and Black is Fancy criticizes the oppressive beauty regime of white colonialism which seeks to disfigure and marginalize the black woman. The poem opens with the speaker attempting to find a beauty shopGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a belleGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a lovely belle.The boys pass me byThey say Is not so swell(The Moth, p91)The speaker seeks to Europeanise her black features in an attempt to make herself more attractive. manly indifference experienced in the metropolis forces the speaker to see herself as an aberration, thrusting her onto the margins of a society which is continually projecting the idea that white is right. The beauty shop contains all the trappings of the colonizers idea of beauty, iron out hair and bleached skin. Yet she is caught between being left to die on de shelf 67 if she doesnt change herself, or eradicating her ethnic features and therefore her inner se lf if she does. By using blues within the poetry she is able to communicate this misery felt within her, that male perceptions of beauty projected by the colonizers dictate that she must distort her own natural beauty in order to fit in and conform. The poem highlights the struggle Marson experiences in trying to preserve her selfhood against such oppressive cultural forces.Marson defiantly attempts to stand against this patriarchal order. She proudly announces that I like me black face / And me kinky hair. Inspite of this brave stand Marson eventually succumbs and admits that she is gwine press me hair / And bleach me skin. She, like Rhys can only resist internally to the colonialists ideals imposed on them.As writers voyaging into the metropolis both Rhys and Marson share in their writing a pervasive sense of isolation where, from the location of London, their particular voices and concerns are, at the time, not recognised. Both writers, from this isolated position on the peripher y of the centre. explore issues of womanhood, race and identity,. Marsons experiences bring about an acute awareness of her difference and Otherness as a Black woman. Her work is a defiant voice against this marginalisation and isolation. She was, as Jarrett MaCauley claims the first Black feminist to speak out against racism and sexism in Britain.68 She was a pioneer in a growing literary culture which was to become the new postcolonial order.Rhys, by contrast, a white West Indian from Dominica was experiencing a declining white minority status against a growing black population, itself an isolating factor both at home and within the metropolis. Kenneth Ramchard suggests that the work of white West Indian writers is characterized by a sense of embattlementAdapted from Fanon we might use the phrase terrified consciousness to suggest the White minoritys sensations of shock and disorientation as a experience Black population is released into an awareness of power.69It is this terrif ied consciousness which contributes to the struggle experienced by Anna in Voyage in the Dark . Located simultaneously both inside and outside West Indian socio cultural history, her journey to the mother country seeks only to exacerbate these feelings of in-betweenness and to suffer feelings of dislocation and alienation.Both writers, therefore, in their voyage into the metropolis endure different kinds of anxieties in their sense of unbelonging to either or both cultural worlds. Both use their writing to speak for the marginal, the hegemonic, the dispossessed, the colonized silenced female voice situated as they were within the cold, oppressive, hierarchical colonial metropolis attempting to impose an oppressive identity upon the exiled women.1 George Lamming The Pleasures of Exile (London Alison, 1960) p152 Palmer Adisa De expression Reflect Dem Ethos in The Winds of Change The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed. By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong Le ek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p23)3 The Winds of Change The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong-Leek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p6)4 V.S. Naipaul New York look backward of Books 1992. Quoted in Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p155 Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p. xiv6 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson (Manchester Manchester University instancy, 1998) p517 Edward W. Said Representations of the Intellectual (London Vintage 1994) p498 Molly Hite The Other Side of the Story Structures and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative Quoted in Joy Castro Jean Rhys in The Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20, 2000. www.highbeam.com/library/doc.3.asp p6.Accessed 1 December 2005.9 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9210 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9311 Gayatri Spivak Three Womens Text and a Critique of Imperialism in Henry Louis Jr. render slipst ream, Writing and Difference (Chicago University of Chicago atmospheric pressure, 1987) p26912Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark (London Penguin Books 1969)13 Elaine Savoury Jean Rhys (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998) p 9514 Homi Bhabha Remembering Fanon, forward to Franz Fanon s Black Skin, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986) p ix15 Homi Bhabha The Other Question Location of goal (London Routledge 1994)p6916 Ibid p6917 Veronica Marie Gregg Jean Rhyss historical belief Reading and Writing the Creole (North Carolina The University of North Carolina Press, 1995) p11518 Sue Thomas The Worlding of Jean Rhys ( Westport Greenwood Press 1999) p10619 Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark p5320 Ibid21 Paul B. Rich Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1986) p1922 Voyage in the Dark p5623 Ibid p32024 Homi Bhabha DissemInation Time, Narrative and the margins of the Modern Nation The Location of Culture p31925 Voyage in the Dark p726 Ibid p1527 Ibid p1628 Ibid p 2629 Ibid p4530 Ibid p4731 Ibid p732 Ibid p4633 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture p31934 Voyage in the Dark p4535 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p8536 Ibid p2737 Ibid p6238 Ibid p6239 Teresa OConnor The Meaning of the West Indian Experience for Jean Rhys (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1985)cited in Caribbean Woman Writers Essays from the first International Conference. p1940 Taken from Rhyss non fictional analysis of Gender Politics. Veronica Gregg, Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination p4741 Helen Carr Jean Rhys, (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd, 1996) p 7742 Lloyd W. Brown, West Indian metrical composition (London Heineman, 1978) p 3843 Denise deCaires Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry Making style (London Routledge, 2002) p 244 Ibid p445 Una Marson The Moth and the Star, (Kingston, Jamaica Published by the Author, 1937) p2446 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture, (London Routledge, 1994) pp85-9247 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson pp 49, 5048 The Ro utledge Reader in Caribbean Literature ed. Alison Donnell and Sarah Lawson Welsh (London Routledge, 1996) p140-14149 Ibid50 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p 32051 Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson p5152 Ibid p5153 Ibid p5454 Una Marson Little Brown Girl, The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica The Gleaner. 1937) p1155 Ibid56 Ibid p1357 deCaires Narain puts forward an interesting link between Marson and Sam Selvons The Lonely Londoners highlighting external identity in her book Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry p 2158 Baudelaire The Painter and the Modern Life cited in Keith Tester The Flaneur (New York Routledge, 1994), p 259 Ibid p360 Jarrett-MaCauley, p5361 Ibid p5062 Laurence A. Brainer An Introduction to West Indian Poetry (Cambridge CUP, 1998), p15463 Una Marson Cinema Eyes The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica The Gleaner.1937) p8764 Franz Fanon Black Skins, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986), p465 Una Marson Black is Fancy The Moth and the Star p7566 Ibid p7667 Una Marson Kinky Hai r Blues The Moth and the Star p9168 Jarret MaCauley pvii69 Kenneth Ramchard The West Indian Novel and its reason (London Faber, 1870), p225

Hardware Store Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Hardw be Store Case Analysis EssayThis paperwork of BUS 680 workweek 2 computer hardware Store Case Analysis consists of1. Do you agree with Freds finis to use the third supplier? Please explain your answer.2. What else might Fred do before choosing a grooming package? leave alone enough detail to demonstrate your understanding of the key issues and approaches to determining how to proceed at a time a triggering offspring has occurred.3. If training went ahead as indicated, how successful do you think it would be? formulate your answer.Business superior general BusinessHardware Store Case Analysis. Read the Case Analysis on pages 147-148 and answer the questions that follow. attend to your parents if they have input as to what study you should decide on. They are older and wiser than you are, and you should pry their opinion, especially if they are helping pay for your college education. However, just listen. solely follow their advice if you know in your heart that is right for you. It is your degree, no matter of who pays for it.This paperwork of BUS 680 Week 2 Hardware Store Case Analysis consists of1. Do you agree with Freds decision to use the 3rd supplier? Please explain your answer.2. What else might Fred do before choosing a training package? Provide enough detail to demonstrate your understanding of the key issues and approaches to determining how to proceed once a triggering event has occurred.3. If training went ahead as indicated, how successful do you think it would be? Explain your answer.Business General BusinessHardware Store Case Analysis. Read the Case Analysis on pages 147-148 and answer the questions that follow.Listen to your parents if they have input as to what major you should decide on. They are older and wiser than you are, and you should respect their opinion, especially if they are helping pay for your cListen to your parents if they have input as to what major you should decide on. They are older and wiser than you are, and you should respect their opinion, especially if they are helping pay for your college education. However, just listen. Only follow their advice if you know in your heart that is right for you. It is your degree, regardless of who pays for it.Business General BusinessHardware Store Case Analysis. Read the Case Analysis on pages 147-148 and answer the questions that follow.

Katherine Okikiolu Essay Example for Free

Katherine Okikiolu EssayKatherine Okikiolu comes from a mathematical family, her father is a mathematician and inventor and her mother is a high school mathematics teacher. Her parents met when her father left Nigeria to study mathematics at the same college in England where her mother was studying physics. Her father, the Nigerian George Okikiolu, has written more mathematics written document than any other Black mathematician. She is married to mathematician Hans Lindblad.Okikiolu earned her B.A. in maths from Cambridge University in England before culmination to the United States in 1987 to attend graduate school mathematics at UCLA the University of California, Los Angeles. There, she worked with two mentors, Sun-Yung (Alice) Chang and John Garnett, and was capable to solve a problem concerning asymptotics of determinants of Toeplitz operators on the sphere and a conjecture of Peter Jones, characterizing subsets of rectifiable curves in Euclidean n-space.After her doctorat e, Kate went, in 1993, to Princeton University where she was an Instructor and an Assistant professor until 1995. From 1995 until 1997 she was a visiting Assistant Professor at MIT. Since 1997, she has been on the faculty in the Mathematics Department of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), first as an Assistant Professor. excessively in 1996, Dr. Okikiolu spoke as part of the twenty-fifth anniversary celebration for Association of Women in Mathematics (AWM).In 2002, she gave the Claytor-Woodard lecture at the NAM meeting the Joint Mathematics Meetings. In June 1997, Kate Okikiolu was the first Black to attract the most prestigious award for young mathematics researchers the United States, a Sloan Research Fellowship. In 1997, UCSD promoted her to blighter Professor. The $70,000 Sloan Fellowship was not her only award of 1997.

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Essay Example for Free

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners EssayEthical Treatment of Prisoners BY MeltssaoT People in hostel today put one over rules, regulations, and guidelines to follow in order to maintain freedom, safety, structure, and self-discipline. If any of these rules argon broken, on that point be consequences to follow. It dep turn backs on the severity of the execration on what showcase of punishment or consequence is given to an individual. If the crime is severe enough the individual may be deprived of their rights, freedom of movement, and sent to prison for a duration of time. If one is sent to prison wherefore the estimable treatment of prisoners rights must be winning into consideration and analyzed. A prisoner/inmate is a person that has committed a criminal crime and depending on their criminal history he or she may be put on probation or confined to a county Jail or state penitentiary. Once an individual gets behind those block walls their lives accordingly tend to belon g to the deputies, correctional officer or warden that is employed by that facility.Within the prison clay on that point is a division of power that exists. This power can leave feelings of powerlessness and dependency in the prisoners. We all slang heard stories of correction officers using their power of authority to abuse and psychologically handicap the prisoner. For example a couple of months ago in the state that I live in there was an inmate who was locked up for a minor charge of failure to appear. He was waiting for his dinner this particular(a) evening, and the deputy almost slammed the inmate finger in the door.Of course this escalade into a verbal affray between the two, and from there a physical fight broke knocked out(p). The deputy which outweighed the inmate by everyplace 100 pounds picked up the inmate and slammed him on his head onto a concrete floor multiple measure until the inmate was unconscious. The Jailhouse officials rush this inmate to the ospital in which he went into a coma, and eventually was placed on life bread and butter. The family of this inmate was faced with a difficult situation which was each transmit him from life support or leave him there to waste a away.In the end the family made the decision to remove their love one from life support, and the deputy was behind a minor criminal matter the disbelief is did he deserve to be treated less than a piece being? Did he in truth deserve to die? Some people might argue the fact that because he was locked up then he deserved the treatment that he got and opposites might voice the difference. I personally say no, because this is nonoperational a life and even though he made a mistake there should ingest been a correct way to go about punishment for this inmate if he in truth had got out of order.When law abiding citizens and correctional officers look at prisoners, it does not matter what the crime was or how severe the punishment, a prisoner is a nobody. In t he United States there are many people that may agree and have strong feelings when it comes to this statement. In ethics a utilitarian may say that human beings should focus on the potential rules of an action and determine what would happen if e or she follows the rules. Utilitarian scheme states the moral worth of an action should be determined specifically by its usefulness in maximising utility and minimizing negative utility.The world as a whole has a moral code on how people should conduct themselves, on what is right and wrong. The belief of the utilitarian surmisal can be utilise in prisons to help those that really want to be rehabilitated. I am not saying that this theory will work for all, but there are some men and women that deserve another bechance in life. We have to realize that everyone makes mistakes n their life, some are worse than others, but in the end everyone still deserves to be treated with dignity and respect, no matter what they may have done.I have heard stories about men that may have raped or killed a little shaver is sent to prison the correctional officers tend to sometime turn their heads and let the other inmates beat him or rape him until he is almost dead. I dont agree with the fact that he hurt a peasant but at the same time I dont think that its morally right that they allow the other inmates to Jeopardize what little bit of freedom that they may have behind hose prison walls either.The ethical solution to this is when you do have a child rapist sent to prison put those type of people in a area amongst themselves and maybe have counselors around where they can get a better understanding of this person sick mind because sometimes these people that do these type of things have had some type of trauma when they were a child. It is unethical to confine an individual to a correctional facility and expose this individual to danger.When you talk about ethics in prison, in the eyes of some that is either driving by hat fa cility thou every day or has never really been behind those thick masculine bars then one may say that these people are animals and they deserve to be behind those bars. Once behind those bars their life changes because they have to be told when to eat, when to sleep, when to bye and talk. If an inmate is not like by a correctional officer or if one does not follow order then they may be deprived of food or even yard time. Torture and beatings will not correct their behavior but will make them more aggressive so that choice is not the best.If any of these things should appen then this may lead to riots and in serious scenarios, putting to death of security guards. It is best to provide the basic needs such as food to the prisoners so that there is a harmonious reaction between the prisoner and the correction officer. The utilitarian would say that inmates should follow a morally right rule that would result in happiness in which once they are replica to society they can determin e what rules citizens. Learning positive rules will result to good behavior and a change of mind that life without freedom is something that one may not want to return to. In contrast..

Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods to Human Health

Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods to Human bob upnessIntroductionGenetically change victuals, also known as GM forage refer to food product such as animals or plants that had their transmitted makeup alter to make them grow bigger, stay caller and other benefits that volitioning make benignant life more simple. The concept of genetically modified (GM) foods has existed for galore(postnominal) years. Cross-breeding of plants, such as different types of corn, has been applied before with the purpose of transferring a desir qualified trait from angiotensin-converting enzyme plant species to another (Whitman, 2000). However, a substantial amount of time is required to obtain a particular(prenominal) result. This is beca white plague all of the genes argon pooled together and numerous attempts argon required for the production of offsprings with the preferred trait. Tomatoes are the counterbalance GM crop introduced to the macrocosm. Tomatoes developed by Mo nsanto came into the market in 1994 after approval by the US FDA.In 2008, US FDA consultation procedures on bioengineered foods were completed by a total of 111 bioengineered food products. fit to Grocery Manufacturers of America, genetically engineered plants are the ingredients for between 70 percent and 75 percent of all processes foods forthcoming in U.S. grocery stores (centerforfood sanctuary.org, n.d.). Advocates of GM foods such as economists, scientists, researchers hail from various sectors, as well as from agricultural and food industries.Although genetically modified foods arises many concerns regarding its safety and consequences of consumption, the real question posed by the society is whether these GM foods should be banned for the benefit of homo.Even if GM foods have been known to activate allergic reactions and toxicities, is env fightmentally hazardous and followly, it should not be banned because it is confirmed to be beneficial to adult male wellness, env weight-liftmentally congenial and cap suit able-bodied to improve the fibre and quantity of yields.This promulgate is mainly foc employ on the benefits of GM food towards mankind. The reasons why GM foods should not be banned are as conveyed in this report. The comments and personal views of numerous professionals are included in this report to ground the evident benefits of GM foods. This report is not confined to any particular region or country but is assessed from a spheric point of view. This is due to GM foods being present in almost all countries introductionwide. Additionally, to fulfill ever-increasing ineluctably of graciouss, conventional crops are genetically being reset(p) by GM crops.Benefits to human healthGM food brings many advantages to mankind. First of all, GM food that was engineered genetically is able to sustain favorable human health and enrich the wellbeing of its consumers. This is because it can remove the malnutrition problem faced by the current human being and GM crops can be modified to become eatable vaccines to subvert vulnerability towards diseases. Malnutrition problems can be figure out by introducing GM foods enhanced with nutrition that humans are lacked of, such as vitamin D and branding iron that will cause rickets in children or osteoporosis in aged adults as well as iron deficiency. Susceptibility to a certain disease can be trim back if edible vaccines are added into the GM foods such as the GM banana (Whitman, 2000). Hepatitis B can be prevented by eating such genetically modified bananas.2.1 Solves malnutrition problemsGenetically modified foods can remove malnutrition problems faced by mankind today. Vitamins and minerals can be inserted into GM crops such as GM rice to make humans healthier. GM rice contains high amounts of Vitamin A compared to non-GM rice. The enhancement of vitamin A in GM rice will be able to result in the treatment of diarrhea in infants to be significantly easier as well as red ucing the likelihood of chances of humans being diagnosed with night blindness (Gola, 2005).The other malnutrition problem frequently faced by humans is iron deficiency. According to the World Health Organization (2009), approximately deuce billion people prove to be tested positive for iron deficiency. As such, researchers have invested in GM rice by intensifying the iron content in polished rice to pull in the iron deficiency problem. The genes that were inserted into the GM foods have a positive effect on the accumulation of iron in the rice kernel that causes the GM rice to contain 6 times more iron compared to the original variety (ScienceDaily, 2009).2.2 Some GM crops possess medical advantagesSome GM crops are modified to become edible vaccines that can reinforce the tolerant system of humans. Some GM crops have been inserted with desoxyribonucleic acid sequences encoding for antibodies into their genome (Dickinson, 2009). This enables the crops to produce antibiotics in t heir cells. GM crops such as banana, tomato and potato have been altered to contain bacterial or rotavirus antigens. Large scaled immunizations can be made by introducing edible vaccines to patients, rendering the vaccinations of these diseases comfortably easier, painless, and accessible. Per se, antibodies contained in such GM foods will be able to enhance the immune system of human bodies to combat against pathogens when consumed orally. Therefore, it will not be uncommon in the near rising day when humans can merely ingest GM tomatoes alternatively of waiting in line to see to it a doctor.Hazards to human healthOpponents of GM foods claim that GM foods are potentially fortuney to human health. They assert that GM foods will trigger allergenicity in the human body should it be eaten. There is a possibility that a new allergen will be created and result in susceptible individuals exhibiting symptoms of allergic reactions when a foreign gene is introduced into a crop. Though s o, this affirmation is weak.GM foods are genetically engineered to have their allergenic-causing proteins to be removed. As such, they do not contain potentially harmful proteins as compared to non-GM foods such as peanuts, cereals and eggs. Producing hypoallergenic GM foods would be a desired commodity as these foods will possess the ability to notably accrue the danger of adverse reactions. This offers the possibility of consumption by allergen-sensitive individuals, enabling to enjoy the pleasure of being able eat foods on par with normal people (Herman, 2003).Besides that, GM crops will reduce weedkillers on crops that may cause reactions in our bodies. GM crops that are modified to be tube to insects will reduce the amount of herbicides used by farmers that will cause health problems. Hormonal signaling in human cells has been discovered to be altered by a common weed killer in U.S. (ScienceDaily, 2008). In another case claimed by Gammon (2009), a top selling weed killer, R oundup, has been found to embellish the toxicity in human cells. Hence, GM crops that are enhanced with resistance towards pests are able to solely eliminate the use of herbicides and weed killers, thereby protecting consumers from herbicide-induced ailments.Environmentally friendlyOne of the benefits introducing GM foods is that the orchard of GM crops is environmentally affable. Currently, our world is afflicted with the issue of pollution. To rectify this problem, GM crops are modified to resistance to insect and pest attack as well as to herbicides. Additionally, another process which is applied in an effort to make GM crops environmentally friendly is phytoremediation. Therefore, pollution can be greatly reduced and eventually be eliminated altogether.3.1 Resistance to insect and pestGM crops can be genetically engineered to show resistance toward pests. GM crops can be genetically altered to contain a gene which encodes for a specific protein which is toxic to pests. Farmer s typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not beseech to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and excess waste due to agricultural use of pesticides and fertilizers could potentially pollute and harm the environment.The application of chemical pesticides can be eliminated through the growing of GM crops such as B.t. corn. B.t. corn is engineered to possess genes in their genetic make-up that encode for the creation of B.t. toxin which only if specifically responsive to particular species of insect larvae and will not affect others life forms. Other environmentally friendly characteristics of B.t. toxins include biodegradability and safe for other living organisms. Varieties of sugar beet as well as winter oil-seed which have been modified to induce tolerance towards specific herbicides were scrutinized by the Bright project (Black, 2004).3.2 PhytoremediationPhytoremediation is be as the rectification of environmental issues through the usage of plants which alleviate the environmental problem without the need to move and dispose contaminant materials somewhere else. Crops of GM foods can be genetically altered to exhibit preferred characteristics, especially the ability of certain plants called hyperaccumulators to bioaccumulate, degrade or render harmless contaminants in soils, water or air (Wikipedia, 2010).For instance, genes in trees can be manipulated and conformed to absorb more carbon dioxide gas, CO2 and hence, would reduce the risk of global warming. Heavy metal pollution in contaminated soil and groundwater sources can also be assuaged by the use of such plants. Quoting Kochian (2004), Contaminated soils and waters pose major environmental, agricultural and human health problems worldwide. These problems may be partially solved by an emerging new technology phytoremediation.Pollution and contaminant of the soilOpponents of GM foods claim that herbicide-resistant crops will only encourage farmers to increase the amount of herbicide used as the crops are already immune to the herbicide used and will not be affected. In order to kill pests that will harm the crops, they increase the quantity of the certain herbicide used to deplete pests extensively. This results in pollution of the soil due to excessive usage of herbicides to kill pests at a quicker rate to reduce harm inflicted upon the crops, thereby rendering the piece of land infertile or that crops gravid on it may contain traces of pollutants and is hazardous should they be consumed.However, that claim is merely an assumption. As avowed by Monsanto (n.d.), the application of herbicide-resistant crops is able to decrease the number of herbicide sprays needed to keep pests at bay and this will promote environmentally reliable herbicide usage, even when used in moderation. For some crops, it is not efficient to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will oft spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killers) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, which requires care so that the herbicide does not harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one effective herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed.For example, Monsanto has created a extend of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup. A farmer growing these soybeans will then only require one type of weed-killer in moderate amounts or else of multiple types, hence reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off.Improve the quality and quantityWith the population of the world growing substantially each year, significant amounts of stress are placed on resources of land fit for plantation, water, energy, as well as other biological reserves to communicate sufficient food whilst sustaining the cohe rence of the ecosystem. As affirmed by the World Bank and the United Nations, about 1 to 2 billion humans suffer from malnourishment, signifying a sign of scarce food supply, menial incomes and sparse allocation of food supplies (Pimentel, Huang, Cordova, Pimentel, 1996). Introduction of GM foods have greatly alleviated the problem. GM crops are modified to produce greater amounts of yield and increase the nutritional value in crop-derived foods.4.1 Solution for world foods crisisSubstantial amounts of yield are able to solve the world food crisis. Desperate pleas for richer, come apart-off countries to utilize genetic engineering in elucidating famines are a result of thousands losing their lives daily and millions on the verge of starvation. By revising the genetic make-up of plant strains, biotechnology will be able notably lessen world hunger. Crops can be engineered to resist diseases, resulting in the quantity of yield succumbing to disease to decrease. In another case, col d-resistant crops are able to benefit countries enduring from winter the whole year round. Extremely limited variants of crops are able to be cultivated in such countries due to the extreme condition of the environment present. By assimilating a gene enabling the crop to withstand such low temperatures, the range of crops planted will be increased and the amount of crops dying from the coldness is reduced.4.2 Increase the quality of cropsThe quality of GM crops is considerably higher than unmodified crops due to their greater shelf life. When a crop ripens, bacteria and fungi are attracted, further catalyzing the decomposing process. For example, firmer tomatoes possess a higher substance to water ratio, causing them to rot at a slower, much delayed rate. In addition, the exterior appearance and flavor of the increase are not influenced, the fruit is able to endure longer transportations which require more time, and harvest of the GM crop can be done simultaneously.Economic concer nAdversaries of GM foods assert that the introduction of GM foods will give rise to economic concerns. Commercialization of GM foods is expensive and time-consuming, and agri-biotechnological companies are keen on ensuring profitable revenue for their investments. As numerous techniques for genetic manipulation and GM crops have been patented, copyright violation is among one of their biggest apprehensions. This will thereby increase the price of seeds to the extent that small-scale farmers and third world countries are unable to afford the cost of these seeds, thereby widening the wedge between the wealthy population and the poor. Though so, this argument is weak and has no sound base.Farmers stand the opportunity to reap exponential amounts of profit from the cultivation of GM crops. Money is able to be saved on the amounts of pesticides used, and a shorter period of time is required to produce desirable yield. GM foods are precise in their make-up, and unwanted genes can be repla ced with preferred genes incorporated with the various benefits and advantages. such(prenominal) crops are also able to be modified to exhibit resistance towards droughts or tolerance to salinity. With the world population increasing at an alarming rate and more land is required for development instead of plantation, farmers may be able plant crops on land formerly unsuitable for growing of crops. GM crops able to thrive and flourish in unfavorable conditions and extreme environments will then be able to benefit mankind.5.0 RecommendationsFirstly, GM foods should be legalized and commercialized throughout the world. Governments should show their encouragement by funding and investment funds in research regarding the production and testing of GM foods. Scientists must also expose the benefits and safety of GM food consumption to the public to comfort their doubts regarding GM foods.In addition, the price of GM foods must be controlled and subsidized by the government. By doing so, GM food can then be afforded by the working-class population. Advocates of GM food should show their support for the legalization of GM foods by purchasing GM food stuffs and spreading news of the benefits of GM foods.However, research and the creation of GM foods must be closely monitored so that products that might harm its consumers are not created under any circumstances. Numerous safety tests and examinations must be carried out to ensure its side effects are not harmful to human health. By doing so, better prospects for mankind can unfold in the future where world starvation and malnutrition is no longer a crisis, and human health can be maintained through the intake of GM foods.6.0 ConclusionGM foods have raised much controversy in many nations throughout the world. People are stable indecisive in their choice to consume products containing GM foods. It stands to be true that doubts concerning GM foods were widespread when prototypic introduced to the public, but through man y years of experimental analysis as well as safety tests, GM foods have been confirmed to be safe for human consumption with numerous benefits as a bonus. In fact, GM foods are essential now in resolving the crisis of hunger and scarcity of food around the world. Acceptance of GM foods are beginning to increase significantly over the years as more and more people are convinced of their benefits in terms of cost, health, and nature.Therefore, it cannot be denied that GM foods should be legalized for the benefit of mankind. As mentioned in the report, GM foods promote good human health, are environmentally friendly and (). Hence, it is irrefutable that its advantages totally outweigh its drawbacks and that GM foods are the way to go in ensuring a brighter future for us and for the whole world.