Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Paraphrase - Essay ExampleThis extends sources of the practitioners association to available historical data through existing publications (Hoffmann, Bennett and De Mar, 2010 Akobeng, 2005). Systematic study is too important to knowledge development for modern research. Its analytical approach that plays the same role as contoural literature review allows researchers to consolidate existing knowledge on a subject and to identify knowledge gaps for possible new studies. The reviews, with this respect, contribute to new research through informing research objectives, research questions, and research hypotheses. In addition, results of taxonomical reviews identify theories from related research that can be used in proposed or future studies. do of the reviews also extend to influence on research methodologies of new studies through elements such as natural selection of research methods and design, sampling strategy, and data collection strategy and tools. Ability of systematic reviews to identify weaknesses of previous studies also offer a basis for corrective measures and therefore helps to resolve such problems like bias in studies (Booth, Rees and Beecroft, 2010).Data declivity is a process by which data is collected from their sources and is organized into desired form for presentation to the audience. Examples of forms in which extracted data can be communicated are tables and graphs that facilitate understanding. Data extraction is a fundamental process in systematic reviews and helps in identification of elements of a research such as a studys methods and design, sample and population, and applied treatment and mode of application. The process of data extraction is however largely subjective to a researchers interest and opinion and therefore supersensitised to bias (Cochrane Handbook, 2011 Petticrew & Roberts, 2006).Summary of studies findings is important to any form of analysis and

Admission Essy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission Essy - Essay ExampleI realize success in this Doctoral Program requires me to apply a financial plan with efficient time management skills. I held a full-time job as a pilot while studying to receive my lord of Arts in English as a Second Language from the University of Phoenix. This combination of work and schoolhouse challenged my time management skills, allowing me to successfully meet my financial obligations to the University and graduate on schedule.The difference between this course of study and my M.A. program is the online environment. I am experienced with the UOP learning model and appreciate its advantages for timely completion of projects. It was subservient as a support system and the collaborative knowledge I gained was outstanding. The team approach subject me to new ideas and perspectives in a non-threatening environment. I have an appreciation for constructive criticism as an natural learning tool and the pragmatic knowledge the UOP learning model fac ilitates.For many years it has been my goal to give chase a Doctorate, but until discovering the Education Specialist program there wasnt a program I entangle passionate enough about to devote the time and energy. The Education Specialist program will conjure my educational background, further develop my intellectual capabilities, and prepare me to provide effective leadership in my modify

Corruption between inmates and correction officers Term Paper

decadence between inmates and correction officers - Term cover ExampleInterestingly, in that location is no formal definition of punitory corruption. However, the penal codes define corrupt acts to be acceptance of honorarium, bribery, accepting sexual favors and improper influence but, they do not authoritatively describe what constitutes corrupt. Corruption is always evident as an abuse of power, whereby individuals presume that the use of power leads to the achievement of a mapping other than what it granted. In correctional facilities, there are instances of promotion or hiring of a less dependant staff based on their relation with the supervisor. Some of the inmates may receive preferential treatment from the credentials personnel on the grounds that they serve as house trustees. A group of inmates may be denied their civil rights or privileges because of their faith or religion (Souryal, 28). On the other hand, use of oppression is as well a form of corruption that is e vident in correctional facilities. A warden may pile up charges on an inmate or an officer, which they did not commit, because of ethnicity or race. In some instances, officers and inmates may experience carnal abuses, which are permitted by others, due to their different lifestyles. In the prison context, there are three prosody which commonplacely define corruption, that is, Acts of Misfeasance, Acts of Malfeasance and Acts of Nonfeasance. Acts of misfeasance are the illicit acts, which the correction officers are supposed to undertake, nonetheless, they leadingly contravene for ain gain. These acts are more often than not committed by high-ranking officers in the correctional hierarchy or by outsiders, who are linked to the prison facility through professional or political appointment. Generally, acts of malfeasance are committed by prison officers at the middle or lower management levels. These acts collect acts of misconduct or criminal acts, which the officers intention ally commit in violation of agency rules and regulations and/or call forth laws (Souryal 29). Acts that are in this category are trafficking of contraband, embezzlement, extortion, official oppression and the exploitation of inmates or their families for goods, money or services. Lastly, acts of nonfeasance involve avoidance or omission knowingly committed by prison officers who are responsible for(p) for undertaking such acts. These acts are common in the correctional facility despite an officers rank. There are two types of nonfeasance an officer ignoring a prisoners violations of the institutional laws and the failure to fib other officers of misconduct as a repayment of an earlier favor or personal loyalty. Additionally, there are other metrics that can be used to measure corruption in correctional facilities, which are drawn from the Path-Driven Taxonomy of Corruption Metrics. It is composed of four metrics, which are Political-Economic-Social (PES) metrics Public Administra tion (PA) metrics Citizen Engagement (CE) metrics and Cultural (CU) metrics. In the correctional facilities context, the PES metrics will examine the general conditions and draw a parallel between situations or events, which make the occurrence of corruption to be in truth high in the prevention stage. In addition, it will also measure the existence or sixth sense of existence of corruption in the correctional facilities its different units and partners in the detection stage of corruption. Furthermore, the metrics will also focus on the perceived or existent actions to fight

Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand management - Essay typeSpecifically that brand aims at reaching out for the professional class, which can afford to purchase and state this brand of vehicle (Spiggle, Nguyen, & Caravella, 2012). The company has diversified its models to fit the various demands of their target customers by manufacturing small and wish well luggage compartment size cars, all body types.Apart from being a part top-class vehicle, Mercedes model is favorred for its safety features. Mercedes-Benz has invested a lot on the safety of their vehicles by considering its high quality brakes, stable body structure and installation with airbags for sensitive impacts. This makes it ideal for its target class, who consider safety as a precession while selecting a vehicle brand. The originality of the vehicle makes its one of the most unique political machine brands in the automobile industry. For instance, its body type is unique and different from that of competitor companies. As depicted in the compa nys website, the model takes the body of a chicken that is complex to define and hence unique only to the company. uniqueness is a feature that the upper-class associated with style and fashion of an automobile (Whitson, R 2013). This is the major reason wherefore this brand has received a lot of favoritism from the professional class. Over 80% of the purchases of the Mercedes-Benz brand prefer it for its optimal fashion formulate.Quality is an important aspect of the Mercedes-Benz brand that makes its preferable by its target customers. Although its mitigate and maintenance are expensive, it does not demand for frequent repair and maintenance, hence giving a sexually attractive service to its users. The physical appearance makes it a likeable brand. Mercedes-Benz has a shiny appearance that reflects its classy design and style which makes it admirable from a far. Technology is another important aspect of the brand that makes it a preferred for the youths in the middle. For ins tance the

International Law as a Substantive Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Law as a Substantive Law - Essay ExampleThey have been active for long enough and ar administering over the peace, smooth operation of activities and other political activities monitoring and facilitating the member countries.The overall performance of internationalist law and the organs sanctioned under itThere are number of positives that can be attributed to the institution and working of international law. This comes in form of the prevention of the Third humanity war. Since the horrific event of Hiroshima, Nagasaki the valet has been protected from the outbreak of any nuclear war. This can be attributed to the entity of united Nations and the work of International law.Apart from this the entity of unify Nations agreement have intervened time and again to prevent come on escalation of circumstances and scenarios in different part of the world. The presence of U.N peace keeping force is another area that speaks of the effective presence of the global entity of United Nations.The case of Yugoslavia and U.NYugoslavia saw one of the most barbaric event of history since the end of Second World War. It was engulfed into a war within. The nature of the war was ethnic in nature and the subjects were being persecuted. United Nations organization as the rightful owner and protector of the humanity and mankind rose to the occasion and took notice of the events that were fetching place there. It dispatched United Nations peacekeeping force that was sent for purpose of restoring peace and protecting any further escalation of the situation.

Book Analyses on Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson Essay

Book Analyses on ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson - Essay ExampleThis is a strong character trait, a calm acceptance, and the ability to be grateful for the love received from others, in particular, old Father Salviederra and Felipe. At the age of 19, when the story opens, Ramona was still waiting patiently, working dense in the house, helping others and displaying a generosity of spirit which entirelyowed her to pity the Senora, with gentle faithfulness (Chap 3, p) She was thus both intuitive and perceptive. deep down Ramona, there was a core of strength and pride which became apparent when faced with Senora Morenos refusal to allow a uniting with Alessandro. Her sense of justice, love and loyalty enabled her to overcome fear and desperation as she dared to tell the Senora, You have been evil God will punish you. (Chap 12 p) Evidence of a lack of material greed was presented, when all she took from the jewels and rich clothes, her potential inheritance, was a ragged silk handkerchie f. I will keep this handkerchief...I am very iris to have one thing that belonged to my father. (Chap. 11, p) Her character may be aptly described as noble. disrespect allthe tragedy which followed her marriage to Alessandro, Ramona showed a steadfast love and loyalty, the ability to make the better(p) of any situation, and a willingness to stand up for what she believed in. The implications, threaded throughout the narrative, are that the character of Ramona is a positive reflection of her Indian heritage. Such positive attributes were designed by the writer to highlight the qualities, as well as the unjust situation of the Native American people at that time. Morality of Ramona If examined on a superficial level, some might consider that her actions suggest the behavior of a disobedient, ball up and willful young woman, driven to demanding her own way and getting what she deserved as a resolution of her ingratitude. This is lucidly not the case, there was no other way Ramona could have behaved and stayed true to herself and her nature. From puerility to womanhood, she displayed a purity of heart, a goodness which meant she did no harm to another person, took only what was hers, expressed gratitude, and held onto her lawfulness when tragedy struck. Ramona showed that justice, loyalty and love were more important to her than material possessions, ideals made more evident by her willingness to leave a heart of relative luxury and security, for one of poverty and dispossession, the lot of the Indian people. Her motives were not only driven by love for Alessandro, but by the realization that she belonged - she acknowledged her Indian heritage, and the fact that she would never be a Spanish noblewoman. Becoming Majella was symbolic of this acceptance, she was honest, and tried to live by her own code.Nothing can be so bad as to be displeased with ones self. (Chap. 4 p.) This was Ramonas moral code.The qualities of grace, love, loyalty and courage in the fa ce of adversity were evident in the tragic life she encountered, losing her child, then Alessandro, but holding fast to her beliefs. It is momentous that wherever they went, people were impressed by her goodness. It is significant

Take home final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Take billet final exam - Essay ExampleThe companies may opt to engage both the public and cloistered investors in conducting out research on the occurring trends in the market and the market expectations from the companies to keep the competition veridical and be ahead of their competitors. The research will make them have hands-on information on the preferences of the customers thereby producing goods that meet their expectations (Mazzucato 76).Partnering with the correct stakeholders in giveing to pull up together all the resources that are essential to be ahead of their competitors is also another strategy of making sure that the companies are ahead in the market. The industries may end up employing the most qualified personnel and come up with a perfect marketing team that will sell the products of the company widely thereby surpassing the efforts of its competitors. Finally, the companies may try to focus on those programs that tend to encourage them to transform their bas ic and applied research into new products and manufacturing processes that pass on to high-quality goods being produced for the customers (Mazzucato 56).During farmers production, profits and revenue should not be the only factor that the USA farmers should understand. These farmers should also consider factors like m, entrepreneurship and natural resources.During their production, farmers should consider entrepreneurship as a major factor of production. As entrepreneurs, the farmers should consider themselves as innovators and come up with new and improved ways to provide improved products to the market. They should decide on how their land, delve and capital should be used to make sure that they reap maximum profits from their farms. These benefits only pass to the farmers and they, therefore, need to do many considerations during their production process (Uphoff 40).The farmers also need to put the issue of time in their considerations. The

Mercks transition to open innovation strategy Essay

Mercks transition to feed innovation scheme - Essay ExampleThe paper will focus on the open innovation strategy by Merck pharmaceutical company in form of merging with Schering-Plough. The writer will provide answers to the following questions 1. can open innovation help Merck meet the needs of its customers in creative and cost effective slipway that also bring value to its shareholders. Why or why not?2. Assuming open innovational is the path to follow, what implementation issues would you expect? How would Merck overcome its cultural shelter to change?3. What positive or invalidating effects will the recent Schering Plough Merger have on Mercks transition to a more open innovation strategy?Introduction.Merck historically believed in closed innovation strategy. This involves ideas being develop from within the company and the resulting products manufactured and marketed. On the contrary, open innovation involves the search for new ideas from outside and including them in bu siness models. This is through bringing new ideas, personnel and technologies. Open innovation also allows some familiarity to flow outside the companies to other plenty. Most companies do not use their original technologies because it may be too costly making these ideas unutilized. Open innovations allows some of these good ideas to be shared to companies where they will be put into use. Therefore, open innovations make companies more creative in terms of research and development. ... It has achieved all this victor at only one sixth of the cost. Since the approach has organizeed in other companies, it can also work in Merck. Through open innovation, Merck can develop new cost effective ideas and products. The breakthrough for such(prenominal) products can bring great sales for the company thus benefiting the shareholders. (Rothaemel, 2008) Question 5 Assuming open innovative is the path to follow, what implementation issues would you expect? How would Merck overcome its cultu ral resistance to change? Merck has been deeply grow in the culture of closed innovation. This is the culture that they are the best in what they do and need no assistance from outside. Merck assumed that they had the best and brightest personnel. They believe that whatever they invented was the best. Merck believed that all great discoveries were to be unveiled at Merck. This overconfident notion was deeply instilled in the minds of the people at Merck. This makes e reallyone in the company to be very rigid to any sought of change. Implementing the new open innovation strategy would therefore, be difficult because of this rigidness. The workers people have strong believe in themselves and would resist any new idea from outside. It would be a problem for the workers at Merck to adapt and accept this change (Rothaemel, 2008). Therefore, for successful development of open innovation at Merck, change has to start with each person. Change from the use of closed innovation to open innov ation would misbegotten that people have to change their attitudes and minds. This would erase the earlier culture of closed innovation and replaced it with open innovation. The resistance to change can be dealt with by sending top

In what ways must leaders and leadership, including how they are Essay

In what ways must(prenominal) leaders and leadership, including how they are developed, still lodge to the demands of today - Essay ExampleAuthority and position found leadership can be perceived to be a rather inadequate tool for aiding ultramodern day leadership in effectively tackling the challenges that leaders face today. According to Heifetz (251), this form of leadership is immediately generally perceived to be the myth of the lone warrior the rather solitary individualist whose individual immensity and heroism serve to enable him to effectively lead the way, in a flawed notion that reinforces the leaders isolation. This form of leadership was most often seen to be a characteristic of the autocratic leadership style that saw the leader try to exert individual control oer all individual endings with minimal input from the various root members. This leadership style is also seen to typically requires that the autocratic leaders make choices that are seen to be primar ily based on their own individual judgments and ideals eyepatch seldom accepting any advice from the followers as the leadership style basically involves authoritarian, absolute control over a group of individuals (Gitman and McDaniel 162). While the leadership style can at generation be practiced in the case where decisions quickly need to be made with issue having to consult a large group of people, it is important for authoritative leaders to avoid being excessively dictatorial, bossy or controlling as this can result in various problems resulting in an impediment in their ability to efficiently adapt to the demands of today. Modern leadership is required to have the capacity of helping individuals hear a variety of bran-new ways of solving, understanding and defining the often complex modern day problems and challenges that Heifetz (254) refers to as adaptive challenges. Heifetz, points out that the strategic challenge of modern leadership is seen to entail the giving back of work to people without being perceived to be abandoning them. If people are inadvertently overloaded, they will be seen to avoid learning while under-loading people will cause them to grow complacent or too dependent. Our world is currently confront with a series of various adoptive challenges that are found to be fundamental issues that communities must learn how to effectively cope with regardless of the unquestionable nature that leadership might happen to take in the next century. Leaders and leadership must adapt and effectively handle these challenges as these challenges are largely not static and new ones always appear. It is thus seen that modern leadership is required to bear the actual weight of problems for considerable time durations. The shouldering of the various uncertainties and pains of an initiation or organization, and particularly so, in times of distress is seen to part of the modern approach to leadership and can only be avoided at the institutions peril (251). While the planned change theory with its premises of a deliberate decision being made to change, might have been appropriate and served to greatly aid leaders and leadership during the preceding century, future leaders and leadership must essentially adopt the principles laid out in the unwilled change theory that will allow them to quickly react to their current environment and thus be able to adapt in an effective manner to the demands of

Philosophers Views on Abortion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophers Views on Abortion - Case Study grammatical caseHowever, some people especially those who support abortion have for centuries argued that the life of a mother is schoolmaster to that of the unborn therefore, any life that put the life of the mother at any risk should be eliminated and the mother let to live. Regardless of the counter-argument on abortion, it is not right, at any point in time, to necessitate abortion since it constitutes to terminate life however, under well-argued and confirm ground it may be an option to extradite the mothers life. Regardless of the position, one may take the arguments on abortion have proven to be highly defensive and dogmatic. Furthermore, they concentrate on one perspective without looking at the whole issue in line with its psychological, object lesson, biological, and sociological complexity. Abortion is a difficult issue however, it can be resolved if some(prenominal) sides of the debate look at the abortion arguments in op en minds. Additionally, all the contributors and involved stakeholders must suffer to work together towards the same goal without advance prejudice of the issue. Therefore, it is not advantageous if the entire clement race to follow demagogic slogans that politically work thinking on vital issues such as abortion thus, the human race must all time debate on these vital issues with rational, moral stands. Philosophers Views on Abortion The fundamental problem of abortion is the moral justification of the status of the fetus. The philosophical intelligence has three basic positions upon which they advance their arguments including conservative, liberal, and moderate. The liberal position is the contribution of Judith Jarvis Thomson. In her contribution, Judith assumed that conservatives did not influence the ideals of their supporters. Contributing to the issue, Judith argues that the moral status of any fetus is at all times justifiable in varied cases (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Bran d-Ballard 482). She created a berth where someone is kidnapped because of preserving the life of unconscious violinist. Additionally, she argues that the living human beings are cogitate through sharing the same kidney. Therefore, if there is the detachment between the kidneys of these two lives, before the end of the quantity nine months of pregnancy, then the violinist automatically dies. According to Thomson, it is not an obvious obligation for humanity to divide the kidney with the unborn (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Brand-Ballard 582). Additionally, she argues that sharing of the kidney creates an analog situation where the fetus uses the mothers body. Therefore, according to Thomson, abortion should be accepted and justified at all costs since the fetus only depends on the mother. She adds that abortion is justified in cases of bobble, when a womans life is in danger, and when a woman has reasonable precaution to evade pregnancy. This reason may be considered patently false an d exaggerated. In her argument, Thomson seems to disregard the distinctive character of the case that is the exploitation fetus. Even in rape cases, the killing of the fetus is not justifiable thus, it remains morally unacceptable. Nonetheless, rape is also morally condemnable. Relating Roses case in the A Brain Dead contract Gives Birth case study, Thomson will advocate for the death of the fetus in a quite fragile circumstance (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Brand-Ballard720). According to Thomson, the fetus is just, but a burden to the mother and in a situation where the mothers life is at risk, the fetus must just be aborted.

Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Film Review - Essay deterrent exampleThis causes the Spanish ambassador in London to write to Queen Margaret in Spain to hire Don Juan as a fencing instructor in the Spanish Academy. Following humany rumors and practically gossip in London, Don Juan has no choice but to leave the city for Madrid. However, an important thing to be considered here is that the DJ figure portrayed in the celluloid is essentially a molecular DJ because he is non merely a man tied down to his impulses. Rather, he is a man of swell intellect as is obvious from the highly intellectual way by which he schemes a secret plan later in the movie to crush the treacherous plans of Duke de Lorca and his henchmen. He is not merely a man clearly incapable of controlling himself whenever he encounters a beautiful woman in this movie in contrast to how he had been portrayed before this movie was released. In contrast to previous versions, Don Juan controls himself and tames his impulses fairly well after moving to Spain and instead invests all his mental and physical energies in defending the Queen, her husband, and think de Polan. He secretly cherishes a soft spot for Queen Margaret and despises her weak husband, but he refrains from performing on his ideas like the other times in his past and discovers the treacherous people to defeat them in the end.Don Juan in this film is essentially a molecular DJ because he is so much more than just a man notorious for his many illicit maps. DJ in this movie thinks and schemes genius plans. He is capable of engineering really smart strategies to keep his masters safe. He is not disloyal, rather he is very loyal and defensive. Unlike how he used to be in London, he is very faithful to his people in Spain. He does not engage in any affair with the Queen despite harboring a soft spot for her in his heart. Instead, he throws himself into discovering the disloyal propagandists

Analysis of Terracotta Army Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Terracotta Army - look Paper ExampleThe artifacts are contained in three pits and so far, documented evidence indicates that up to 7000 warriors and weapons arrive at been excavated by the archeologists. The artifacts contain foot soldiers and war chariots that are made from wood. Foot soldiers are basically graphical figures that resemble human soldiers. In his study, Dillon indicates that the size of each warrior is approximately 1.8 meters (Dillon 43). Further, they are characterized by broad foreheads and thick-lipped mouths. A significant percentage of these have ornate hairstyles. Nonetheless, they generally show a distinct dedication and ending in their duties. This is because their eyes are directly focused ahead into some distance. The soldiers are also presented to be in a combat position. Their positions are realistic and their eyes very bright. They have wide nostrils and tidy yet very strong legs. These attributes imply that the horses were well maintain ed and relatively serviceable. It cannot be disputed that this peculiar(a) population invested a significant percentage of resources in war. This also implies that the communities surrounding the region were hostile and as invested in different wars in social security. The position of their hips and legs imply that they are ready to gallop. Notably, the artifacts show that in that respect were two different types of soldiers the artillery and infantry. The artillery soldiers are presented dressed in knee-length tunics and short trousers. In addition, they carry crossbows with them, ready to engage in a fight at any time. Seemingly, their uniforms were made from lax materials, enabling them to move around with ease. Under battle conditions, these soldiers would probably be dispatched to engage in fighting at any time. The infantry faction, on the other hand, was heavily armored. In particular, they were presented while carrying swords. With respect to the flair of dress, Dillon cites that they wore shin guards and caps in addition to their normal uniform (Dillon 77). Comparatively, they were also taller than their counterparts.

West side story movies script analysis,comprising it with novel Essay

westward side story moving pictures script analysis,comprising it with unused - Essay ExampleIn addition, the movie earned 9 other Oscars for take up supporting actors (male and female), best director, best cinematography, best art direction, best sound, best musical score, best editing, best costumes as intumesce as a special award for best choreography (3). The film has received further accolades such(prenominal) as New York Film Critics divide for best picture, Grammy Award for best sound tract, Writers Guild Award of America for best written musical, New York Film Critics Circle Award for best film and the advantageously-off Globe Award for best motion picture (3). Thus, the film can be seen as a highly successful venture in terms of its appeal to the common masses as well as the strong impression it has left on both critics and evaluators of the art of cinema.The stage drudgery of West Side Story has been premiered in Broadway during 1957, just four years before it has been adapted for the movie production in Hollywood in 1961. It is needless to mention that both forms of art differ drastically in many ways in their conventions as visual and performing arts. The most significant of such changes principally reflect in the music composition of Bernstein, who has accurately considered different specific aspects to cater to movie format. The movies theme primarily encompasses the issues of immigration and gang conflicts in the US, which have been major social problems for the countrified for a long time. The movie has also been able to align Bernsteins music and Robbins choreography so seamlessly into the plot as to enhance its intrigue and appeal rather than to distract from it. Another major favor for the stage show has been orchestration of music scores for obvious reasons. It is needless to mention that stage shows termination the scope for using a wide range of instruments and often cannot permit on the spot corrections. On the other hand, mo vies

People v Ceballos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People v Ceballos - Research Paper ExampleThus, he bent-grass up a gun trap and unfortunately it killed a neighborhood kid who tried to shoot entry. The defendant wanted to prove that the physical evidence he discover about somebody suspension into his garage could be intent threatening. Thus, in order to ward off apparent mishaps on his part, it was his confession to protect himself beforehand by setting up a gun to substantially provide him a certain level of security. In the first place, it would be much harder on his part to defend himself, if things dexterity be too tardily, and especially he did non have any idea on the complete motive or intention of the culprit. Describe how justification and excuse play a role in the scale. As stated, the defendant apply the defense of justification on the crime he committed against a neighborhood child. As the defendant wanted to justify that he did not commit any crime, provided a self-defense instead, defense is very crucial in his case. In as much as possible, the defendant should give substantial or meaningful justifications in order to maximize its defense. The defendants excuse is very important in this case. For example, its excuse could be the basis if it could be essentially covered under the ruling of the law regarding the defense of justification. ... In the case of People v Ceballos case, the defendant was not at home when the incident happened. Thus, under technical definition of the proper use of self-defense in the law, what the defendant initiated as a way to protect himself was unacceptable. He was not at home when the shame happened, and so there was no need to apply self-defense at some point. Tennessee v realise Explain the nature and types of defenses used in the case and what evidence was used to demonstrate the defense. In the case of Tennessee v Garner, the police officers tried to defend themselves by telling the court they have substantial probable cause to believe that the l aughables escape could further cause potential harm to others (Casebriefs LLC, 2012). They used the required standard operating procedure, prior to the use of force, a gun that ended up the life of a suspected felon as a final resort. The evidence presented by the officers could prove that they were summoned to hook a suspected felon. The man did not have any weapon so the police officers commanded him to stop. However, the culprit wanted to escape so the police officers pulled the trigger of the gun, and killed the suspected felon. This case was between the Tennessee police officers and the Garner, the late suspected felons family. Describe how justification and excuse play a role in the case. The Tennessee v Garner case is very important because the issue behind it includes whether law enforcement officials have the remedy to use deadly force in order to prevent unarmed culprit or suspect from escaping (Casebriefs LLC, 2012). Justification is indeed important in this issue in or der to fit it within the tackle of law if suspect poses threat of serious

Visual Arts - Charlie Chaplin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts - Charlie Chaplin - Research Paper ExampleOne of such film was Charlie Chaplin. He was one of icon that revolutionized this industry in the 20th century until his death. This paper seeks to discuss Charlie Chaplin and his life. The headmaster homeland of Charlie Spencer Chaplin was London. He was born on 16 April 1889. His father was a vocalist and an actor. Additionally, his fuss was a beautiful actor and singer she was famous during this period. Initially his father used to protrude his family but by and by he started engaging in drinking spree, and this affected the family for a long time. This was further compounded by his mother ailing health. His father died later due to the effects of over drinking. As a result, Charlie Chaplin and his associate took care of each other during t inheritor childhood period. Sydney was the one who took care to his little brother in his lifetime. Their family was harry by poverty, and this forced them to spend life in workhouse s at their tender age. Whatever they got, they used to support their mother. Sydney was later sent to training ship known as Exmouth and acted as a steward in shipping expeditions (Milton 8-17). On his lessen home in 1903, he became ill. Later he found his mother in a mental hospital while his brother had been reduced to a destitute. However, they had inherited talents from their parents and this facilitated heir entry into the stage performance. This made them turn to the theater to change their lives. Charlie entry to stage performance was done the young kids group known as The Eight Lancashire Lads (Burt 71). This stage performance made him popular and a famous tap dancer. Chaplin career extended for a long period. At the age of twelve, he got a chance to act in a legitimate stage show. In the show, he took the role of billy goat the pageboy. At the end of this show, he took started acting as a comedian. Eventually, he went to United States in 1910 with the tending of Fred Ka rno Reportoire companion. A Night in an English Music Hall gave him fame in American audiences (Edna Purviance Web). On return of Fred Karno Troupe to America, he was offered a motion picture contract. In 1913, he agreed to appear to begin with camera upon expiry of his Vaudeville commitments. His success attracted attention of other producers. Upon expiry of his contract, he joined Essanay Company in 1915 (Parish 210-215). Finally, he joined Mutual Film Corporation before he became an independent producer. after gaining independence, he got his own studio located at La Brea Avenue in Hollywood. In 1918, he entered into union with First National Exhibitors due to his pictures. This was a cornerstone for his success in the future. Chaplin had several lovers. Chaplin was married at a young age. His world-class wife was Midred Harris an actor whom he married in 1918 (Parish 215). Their first child only deathed for three days. However, they later divorced in 1920. He married Lita G rey later. She was winding in various films such as, The Kid, The Gold Rush. She later fell in love with Charlie and became pregnant. They had two children, but later separated in a court case. Lita went on with her life coupled with alcoholism abuse. His leash marriage was with Paulette Goddard, which lasted for six years. She acted in Modern Times and The Great Dictator. However, they divorced on common terms. The last marriage was with Oona ONeill in 1943 (Edna Purviance Web). Though she was much younger than Charlie was, their marriage was for

Inequality in the UK its effect on the national economy Essay

Inequality in the UK its effect on the national economy - Essay ExampleWhy should economists c be about discrimination in the distribution of incomes? Poverty and economical inequality are intimately bound with one another(prenominal) both as a policy or an analytical issue. Economic well-being and income distribution are related as demonstrated in the social understanding of justice and human rights, and, therefore, render economic equality an intrinsic value. High levels of economic equity are associated with desirable social outcomes especially in the realms of health and crime (Andrew and Meen2006). The EU defines poverty as living on less than half the fair national income, as such, irrespective of the average income, the greater the income inequality, the higher levels of poverty in a country. The interpretation of the extent of poverty depends on both the level of a societys income and the distribution of income. Therefore, societal standards or norms of essential needs i n a society are determined by the centre class (Brueckner, Thisse and Zenou 1999). In the case of two societies where the bottom segments have the same level of income, poverty is more than than prevalent in the in the society where income is more unequally distributed. The bottom quintile of the unequal society leave be more isolated from the middle quintile and will, therefore, be further from meeting the standards of that society. As a result, more members of this bottom quintile will be stuck in poverty (Beroube 2005).

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Groups and discrepancy Es citeAs a Caucasian American, I did non pretermit wondering how I became the person who I am or how I even got here. Of course, in that location is annals to tell us the whole tale of participations and cries. But only a few can actually admit that tracing their past became their passion. Today, history is retold and reshaped, depending on the many historic discoveries. One of the many concerns evolved in these escapades is finding the root of favoritism when man is still man despite his many colorizes. With that, I hear along articles and observed many things to find where my white-hot skin came from, and why this seemingly superior color gets to be discriminated against as well. History decl ares white people to be colonizers from Europe. In search for their spices, land, and money, they came to rest on American soil that was truly promising. There were red-skinned natives at that time when the foreigners began building their forts. Th ey imposed their culture and reputation to the simple lives of the natives. From their point of view, they were superior and the Indians were savages.On the other hand, from the perspective of the natives, these foreigners should not act as if they declare the world. Simply saying, they in addition had thoughts against the migrants. They were simply bending to the changes, as long as they were fair. It seems that the white people were not forced to be segregated from the natives, but they were still treated differently, as they were. There was also racism. microscopic did the natives know how the white people think, and simply based this on their actions. One could say that the entire quandary rooted from little misunderstanding that went out of hand.A lot of people then were closed apt(p) against everything else that was not like their own. As a white individual in this multinational environment, I could say and believe that people of my color likewise experience a combination of all three forms of discrimination despite all arguments. Caucasian people have also experienced Affirmative Action, elevate dissimilarity and twofold Jeopardy. Affirmative Action is, according to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2005), a set of validatory procedures in assisting minorities in fields of education, employment, and business.One might wonder how we, as Caucasians, can be inflicted upon by this positive reinforcement. The answer is rather simple. Since the minorities, which includes women and other ethnic groups, are given priority in the different fields, there are white people who are not given the just treatment that is due them. For example, in schools, minorities and ethnic groups are given priorities as given to them by law. However, categorizes as such does not incriminate they are more qualified. They are just given more attention. This may inevitably end by having qualified white individuals denied of education.Such is also the case in the workplace . Since minorities will be given priority by law, despite their qualifications they will have more chances of employment. With that, one could say that there is imminent Reverse Discrimination. An online dictionary defined the case as the exclusion of an individual who belongs to a majority class in compensation for the idea of traditional discrimination. Although early history might paint the white man to be violent and inhumane, it does not mean that the time today declares to have tables turned. etiolate people today should not be punished for what their ancestors have done and failed to understand. In this age of knowledge, technology, and globalization people are pass judgment to be more understanding. Unfortunately, there are people who took advantage of these changing times into their accounts and move to break above the other people, including the whites. It is meritless that there are still individuals who fail to realize that it is better to nip and tuck with other pe ople. There is also the form of Double Jeopardy.According to Lectric Law Library, this simply states creation tried more than once for the same offense. In line to discrimination, this offense means organism a white individual in the community. Being a white individual does not only call being approached differently, but likewise have the same treatment again and again. It is not a persons fault on having that color of skin. However, they are still seen color first before the inner being. White Man is construed with different stereotypes.There are also other cases in line to Double Jeopardy. Jennifer Berdhal and Celia Moore (2006) mentioned that Double Jeopardy also exists in the work place. On behalf of the women in the workplace, they are being tried for being women, and for being women of minority groups. Simultaneously, white men are being discriminated against because they are white men. Likewise, they are being discriminated against because they are white men in the work pla ce. They are assumed to have a commonality personality and perspective across their people.This hinders other people from realizing that in every race, there will also be a bad apple. In conclusion, Caucasian people might be considered as a majority ethnic group in the United States, but in their very own country, they are also being discriminated against. Seemingly superior, there are also cases wherein they are victims of Affirmative Action, Reverse Discrimination and Double Jeopardy. Despite these times of positive change and reinforcement of globalization, it is often still a sad reality that there are more things that change too slowly.Although literature, politics, and other events in the lives of human race, the battle cry to have all men equal and strong is still a whisper. It is not heard, ofttimes less practiced, regardless of what a lot of people have long been campaigning. There will ever so be a striking difference across different races. But the question relies on w here the similarities would catch their differences and finally live harmoniously.ReferencesFullinwider, R. (2005 March 4). Affirmative action.Retrieved January 15, 2009 from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/affirmative-action/. (2008). Reverse discrimination. Retrieved January 15, 2009 from http//www. yourdictionary. com/reverse-discrimination. (n. d. ). Double danger. Retrieved January 15, 2009 from http//www. lectlaw. com/def/d075. htm. Berdahl, J. Moore, C. (2006). Workplace harassment Double jeopardy for minority women. Retrieved January 15, 2009 from http//www. rotman. utoronto. ca/facBios/file/Berdahl%20%20Moore%202006. pdf.

Comparing Political Philosophy Theories Essay Example for Free

Comparing Political Philosophy Theories EssayRespond to the prompt for individually of the five h unitaryst theories listed. One section on each chart has been filled in as an employment.What is good? (12 sentences)Aristotle Virtue Ethics Mill Utilitarianism Kant Deontology Consequentialism Nodding C ar Ethics what would you say is our principal or highest object glass by nature? According to Aristotle, it is the attainment of happiness, for it is that alone that we seek for its own sake. Based on Aristotle self-assertion a woman bearing a child is good. For J.S. Mill, decreasing pain and increasing pleasure is good. However, not all pleasure is the same. Mill argues that intellectual pleasures are superior to bodily pleasures (Mill, Utilitarianism, and Chapter 2).Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. fundamentally do poor decisions or ethical decision base on rational hazarding.The speculation that the mensurate and especially the moral order of an fill should be judged by the value of its consequences.The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory that is, a theory about what makes actions right or upon.What path or rule do you follow to achieve the good? (12 sentences)Aristotle Virtue EthicsMill UtilitarianismKant DeontologyConsequentialismNodding Care EthicsFor Aristotle, virtue is the expression to achieve the good. Moral virtue is a state of character and can only be acquired by habit. In other words, we need to practice being morally virtuous in order to be virtuous. Aristotle describes moral virtue as a mean. We act morally, if we do the right thing, at the right time, with fiber to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive and in the right way (Nicomachean Ethics, Book II, 1 and 6 see also Moore and Bruder, 2011, p. 265).Utilitarianism advocates maximizing utilities and moral evaluations of public policies. It helps explain why some peo ple actions are generally wrong and others are generally right and he influenced ethical decisions.The deontology refers to moral obligation.As we made the decisions that life must understand the one right is important even though everyone is tomorrow wrong always do right regardless.I think by taking in consideration the moral value and the actions the standard display when making decisions. Understanding the consequences to see the decision if not follow out a law of land.It is important to love thy neighbor. It impenetrables a little clich its however basically we should live our life each day by exercise the care ethics system.Assumptions or urgencys (24 sentences)Aristotle Virtue EthicsMill UtilitarianismKant DeontologyConsequentialismNoddings Care EthicsAristotle) is basing his theory of nationalistic ethical. This belief was pretty good for us as defined by our natural objective.His requirement was basically reducing pain that will actually increase pleasure. In essence making sound decisions based on bodily pleasures.And Kants theory the deontology base is the study of moral obligation. As we are creditworthy for our actions and doing what right at all times.The first assumption is that after all is said and done, only the results of our actions remain, therefore, the results are what a moral theory should focus on. The second assumption is that we love others as much as we love ourselves. This assumption marrow that we will act to promote the overall good, so long as that action does not hurt others more (Haines, 2006).First we must display some level of sensitivity to be able to exemplify desires spirit. We are responsible up in our brains keep a careful one of the actions is careful and must consider the feeling that so that we dont interfere with you making ethical decision.Provide an example of how this ethical theory might work (5 or more sentences)Aristotle Virtue EthicsMill UtilitarianismKant DeontologyConsequentialismNoddings Care E thicsVirtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or civilization it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek times. Aristotle was a great believer in virtues and the meaning of virtue to him meant being able to fulfill ones functionsThe utilitarianism whole kit in determining consideration of right conduct should be useful of his consequences. This spectacle theory is basically based off the fat that is largely possible ability of balance pleasure over pain. This action should outlet a lot of consideration which the way we made the decision about disciplinary action on people or even animals. It was said that the actions of sacrifice and people or animals is wrong. So drawn my confederate coworker on the bus and a heated argument with display that ethics.The deontology is the basis of more action duties. The convention o f goodwill is what makes people act for duty, and acting for duty given them action of more value. However the action does not take into consideration the consequences thereof.From the consequentialism also known as the idea of the therapist is less and this chapter we argue the beauty and pluggership as well as pleasure that one should aim towards maximizing on. lovable decision in my life and ethical way to maintain admirership even though that means sometimes being completely honest with a friend. It is very important that we made the decisions that will be conducive to our morals and ethical background. As a result thats the beauty of the virtual ethic.My best friend comes to me asking for advice. She is having problems in her marriage and just found out she is pregnant. Due to the economic downturn, she may bear her job in the coming months. Her relationship with her husband is strained and is having a serious emotional terms on her. She is considering an abortion. I am t he carer and she is the cared-for. I do not consider her unborn child because my friend is the one in immediate pain or peril. I recommend counseling. I also travail and gently ask questions to see what options she has and what she has thought about. I do not tell her what I think she should do in this case or what I think is right or wrong. I only ask how I can help her.

Native Americans in the United States Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the joined States EssayBased on the ethnic sort outs (Table 1 Appendix), close to(prenominal) beneficial values that helped to shape the join States lifestyle can be described (Holland, 2006). In particular, the plan summaries altogetherow given the clear picture of Multi heathenishism in the joined States in relation to the origin. The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to whole people with different backgrounds. From an early time, some(prenominal) radicals started abject into the region due to various reasons, which al impoverisheded for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States intimately benefited from the cultural transition as improved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the unambiguous benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative fashions such(prenominal) as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourish ed over several years (Holland, 2006). In the fresh past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being show in certain stereotypes.Firstly, separatism between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the nation before the heighten of the civil rights during the 1950s and over (Holland, 2006). studys, schools, commuter busses, and residential argonas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned. As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the fruition of break away performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping hush up pull through at the current date.For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and t he like for several decades (Holland, 2006). Such beliefs have existed for several years and ar even a vulgar occurrence in media the same way. Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes ar a normal particular in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural temper of the countrifieds tribe resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target nation in an effective manner (Kenyon, 2005). In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape ar subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity. As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were erstwhile extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity a mong its people.Table 1 Multicultural ground substance and Analysis Worksheet. Part I Matrix What is the groups history in the United States? What is the groups population in the United States? What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? What is something you admire around this groups people, lifestyle, or society? 1. The African American Several African American people are linked to a history of slavery since their ancestors were brought in the United States as slaves. This happened premier during the 1600s-1700s, and where they assisted position colonialists to get American independence.Later, prominent leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. helped to change discrimination against Blacks. As a result, a breakthrough into the rampant segregation between the whites and blacks reduced. The African American has an approximate population of about 37 million forming about 13 percent of the total population of the United States. The African Americans are c haracterized by the practice of several cultural activities represent in their music, art, and lifestyle. As such, they form a significant part of the USA as their culture substantially influenced the American culture.I appreciate the African American lifestyle and their music such as Hip-hop and reggae music. Additionally, I hit the sack their celebrations such as the Black history celebrations in which they remember their historic past. 2. The Hispanic and Latino American The Spanish became among the first settlers, before Europeans, to settle in some areas of America such as Florida and California. Several people of this group speak the English language only and have adopted the European-American Culture. On average, the Latino and Hispanic population in the United States is approximately 16 percent of the whole population.This depends to almost 50 million people. The Hispanics are depicted as religious people who believe in helping one another. Families may be nuclear or exte nded, and the father is the final decision maker in the family setting, while the mother is the root care taker. However, all family members are expected to assist in the effective functioning of the setting. I love Hispanic music and their musicians such as Ricky Martin and Jenifer Lopez. Additionally, their Mexican foods are an excellent appetizer that I unceasingly cannot ignore. 3. The Indian American The Indian American officially became legal citizen in the United States in 1946.The Indians immigrated into the United States via other countries such as Jamaica, South Africa, and United Kingdom among other countries. The Indian population in America is reasonably low at approximately 0. 89 percent of the whole population. As such, this reflects to about 2. 5 million people. The Indian Americans have a strict cultural background and adhere to strict rule on religion, culture, and food among several other practices. Their religions are diverse and may include Hinduism, Islamism, Christianity, and Buddhism. I value the cultural practices of Indians especially those practicing Hinduism as they have fascinating ideas.One example is the caste system, where once in a low or high case system one is destined to repose right there. 4. The American Asian Asians of the Chinese background came into the United States due to mainly conflicts from their countries. One situation was the Vietnam War, which led to massive migration of the affected into the USA. In the 1970s and 1980s, therefore, was time for the largest Asian migration into the United States. The Americans Asian account for about 5 percent of the United States population. As a result of cultural diversity, the American Asians are exposed to several challenges. I admire the Chinese way of life thatcomp tests of fun in the form of art and craft. Additionally, I find pleasure watching some of their movies and appreciate the Yoga. 5. The Native Americans The Native Americans were the sea captain settlers of the United States of America. Relevant sources indicate that they enabled undetectable communication during the World War II using their primaeval language. As pertains to name, the Native Americans are recognized as the first settlers of the United States. However, they account for a underage population percentage of about 1 percent. The Native Americans culture show dissimilar practices in all other nations.In particular, those living on reservations show dissimilar cultures from the ones not living on reservations however, some similarities may exist in their heritage and traditions. The Native Americans fascinate me with their incredible lifestyle such as them living in tepees and their spiritualism. 6. The Bahamian American The Bahamian American migrated into the United States from the Caribbean during the late 19th vitamin C in search for job offers in the agricultural sector. The Bahamian American has an extremely low population of about 40,000 people. Hence, it accounts f or approximately 0.01 percent of the whole population. Bahamian Americans preserved their cultural heritage hence, have a distinguished way of living and culture. The Bahamian way of living and cultural heritage provides an excellent broadsheet of modern living from historical setting. Their cultural practices are engaging. Part II Analysis Basing on the preceding(prenominal) listed ethnic groups, several beneficial values that helped to shape the United States lifestyle can be described. In particular, the brief summaries have given the clear picture of Multiculturalism in the United States in relation to the origin.The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to all people with different backgrounds. From an early time, several groups started moving into the region due to various reasons, which allowed for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States substantially benefited from the cultural diversity as imp roved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the obvious benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative forms such as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourished over several years.In the young past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being depicted in certain stereotypes. Firstly, segregation between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the population before the rise of the civil rights during the 1950s and over. Workplaces, schools, commuter busses, and residential areas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned.As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the realization of better performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping still exist at the current date. For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and the like for several decades. Such beliefs have existed for several years and are even a common occurrence in media the same way.Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes are a normal situation in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural nature of the countrys population resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target population in an effective manner. In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape are subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity.As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were once extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity among its people. Part III Sources Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and phantasmal Diversity in Central America An Historical Perspective. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website http//www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The immensity of Diversity in the Workplace.Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website http//www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05/ak-may05. html Reference List Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America An Historical Perspective Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website http//www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website http//www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05 /ak-may05. html

Food Security Essay Example for Free

Food Security EssayAs the travail to alleviate exiguity and increase food security takes on new dimensions on the backdrop of change magnitude challenges, asset- subjectd lodge developing has become a key strategy. There has been a shift of digest to individual, communal and institutional asset and the capacity or potential they have in building the capacity of achieving topically defined discipline (Social Design, 2010).The asset-based participation development strategy is based on the principle that including as many another(prenominal) people as is possible in a development project increases the probability of the project rest sustainable even after the experts implementing it leave it under the management of the community. The asset-based community development strategy begins by prototypal acknowledging that the existent poverty and insufficiency in a community put upnot be solved by the human, physical and intellectual assets at the disposal of the community (Soci al Design, 2010). It involves the mobilization of members of the community so that these assets, coupled with external investment, can be effectively utilized to improve the communitys capacity of meeting the developmental challenges that face it.In addition, there needs to be creation of sentience about alternative representation of acquiring additional assets and resources. Secondly, asset-based community development should be viewed as complementary to developmental work already in progress at heart the community and must be based on the traditions rooted within the community with regard to organization, community development and developmental throwning (Social Design, 2010).It should be noted that not a single entity (government, the business community, civil society and the community itself) can crop meaningful development on its own, so the essence of asset-based community is to forge a working partnership between all the stakeholders to bring about improvement in suffic iency, democracy and respect to human rights (Social Design, 2010). The process must therefore be based on transparency and accountability, justice and participation. Having established this operational framework, attention is shifted on counselings of mobilizing the community and the assets it has towards a clearly defined vision.The first step is mapping all the assets within the community and its local anesthetic institutions (Social Design, 2010). Full mobilization in this context is only achieved after the community can address its agendum and challenges with an awareness of the resources that it has to counter the developmental challenges it faces. Second, elaborate plans should be put in place to build quick relationships within the community so that these resources can be aggregated and given a common focus towards progress.Strength and self-reliance are attributes bolstered when all members of the community are linked and actively involved in finding solutions to the ch allenges that face them (Social Design, 2010). The community realizes that it has a great potential than it had realized and there is a rejuvenation of hope, motivation and renewal. After relationships have been established, the assets owned within the community are pass aroundd towards economic development and for the purpose of sharing information.This includes the assets relegated due to lack of information on how to harness them or lack of the applicable technology. The community is then convened as a unit to participate in the development of a vision and the plan to achieve it. As said earlier, the assets and resources within poor communities are not sufficient. Asset-based development strategies need therefore to leverage outside resources to support them and after all these steps have been taken, the community is on its way to self-sufficiency (Social Design, 2010).Sustainable livelihoods frameworks (SLF) Sustainable Livelihoods frameworks provide a basis for poverty analy sis so that policies, programs and projects intentional to reduce poverty can be particularisedally tailored to meet developmental challenges facing a community (Ludy Slater, 2008). Through SLFs, a coherent approach to the analysis of economic challenges can be performed, preeminent to the identification of suitable intervention and the timetable for these interventions.SLF implementation are founded on analyzing livelihoods, risks and vulnerabilities of individuals, households and the community so that key drivers of poverty and their remedies can be established (Ludy Slater, 2008). Sustainable livelihoods frameworks are centered on people and their capacity to mobilize the natural, human, social and financial assets at their disposal in response to opportunities and risks so that the quality of life can be improved.An emphasis is laid on strengths rather than weaknesses, and the strategy is to make targeted people have the awareness that they have the assets and the potential to utilize them in pursuit of livelihood goals (Ludy Slater, 2008). SLF implementation is multidimensional and aims at first identifying the constrictions standing in the way of individuals and households and analyzing the same to yield the opportunities that may arise therein developing specific but diverse strategies to empower the people to pursue paths towards securing their livelihoods.SLFs focus on each targets individual strategy for socio-economic development and therefore favor full participation and multidisciplinary approach at diametrical levels (Ludy Slater, 2008). They thus are flexible to organizations planning specific interventions to poverty and allow focus to be on the elements within a society most the likely to face developmental challenges. Entrepreneurial ideology in rural project Entrepreneurship has been identified as a very strategic intervention for accelerating development in rural areas.It creates employment, prevents rural unrest and leads to the c reation of wealth at the local level reducing settlement especially for women and other marginalized people (FAO, 1997). There is acceptance that entrepreneurship in rural areas by itself cannot achieve development so the emphasis of this ideology is the creation of an environment that makes entrepreneurship in rural areas a viable venture. The presumptuousness of the rural entrepreneurship ideology is that diversification from subsistence agriculture holds the key to economic development (FAO, 1997).Attention is therefore give to alternatives like the promotion of tourism and other trades like carpentry, training, retailing and sports. The genesis of rural entrepreneurship is the creation of a supporting environment through policies that establish macro-economic stability, property rights and an international outlook (FAO, 1997). The necessary inputs to the entrepreneurship process like capital, infrastructure and management training can therefore be dispatched to the rural area s as a base for establishing a vibrant economy, consequently increasing sufficiency and reducing dependency.? References Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO. (1997). Rural development through entrepreneurship Retrieved on 20/5/2010 from http//www. fao. org/docrep/W6882E/w6882e02. htmP359_61606 Ludy, E. Slater, R. (2008). Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to understand and tackle poverty. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Social Design. Asset-Based Community Development Retrieved on 19/05/2010 from http//www. socialdesign. org/assets/development. html

Business Process Reengineering Essay Example for Free

Business Process Reengineering EssayWhenever we regularize our drinks at the coffee shops on a daily basis, we atomic number 18 actually triggering a business process. When the server at the coffee shop takes the arrangement at our table, he allow pass our strays to the kitchen by let loose our orders from one end of the coffee shop to another. Most of the time, the kitchen helperer go out hear the order and activate to prepare. The waiter will thusly go around taking a few other orders. aft(prenominal) he is done with taking orders, he will collect the drinks from the kitchen and serve it to the customers. Customers will then stand up for the drinks. In the event there isnt enough revision for big notes, the waiter will concur to go back to the counter to break the notes into smaller variations in order to return the mark amount of change to the customers. In or so cases, he might deliver the wrong order as he doesnt note down the orders in pen and paper, he jus t passes on the order to the kitchen by shouting. Restaurant scenarioMany years down the road, the coffee shop has earned enough to patch up for a renovation and overhaul. The boss of the coffee shop has unflinching to upgrade the coffee shop to a restaurant. He realises that he need to retrain his provide to operate the restaurant as the methods of operating a restaurant differs from the methods of operating the coffee shop. He also realise that he can incorporate some equipment to help him process orders more(prenominal) efficiently. In summary, he needs to change the way the restaurant does things (processes) and how he does things (Method/tools used to carry out the task). The boss has to do a total revamp of the methods and processes of how he was antecedently used to in the coffee shop. This is what is meant by business process reengineering. In definition, business process is an organizational change in its methods used to design an organization to improve efficiency and effectiveness (Mehta, 2011). Reengineering is the organizational change characterized by drastic process transformation.Concepts BPR focus Objectives In order for companies to operate more efficiently, reduce waste, guard their customers and drive sales, understanding and applying BPR is essential for this change to happen. Firstly, we have to map out the organizations goals, objectives, simple business function, the people they have and the tools they use. The second objective would be to analyse the current process and design/revamp them. By doing so, companies will be able to achieve better ROI and legislate waste. This will help the company to gain competitive advantage over others in its efficiency and also profits (Muharram, 2007). positioning of BPRBPR is a framework designed for companies to adopt. This framework helps to optimize processes by making it more streamlined. A unspoilt example to explain this establish would be the difference between a vertical and c ross in operation(p) organization.Horizontal organizationIn a horizontal organization, the customer interacts only with one party scarcely in a vertical structure, customers might have to deal with different plane sections. Figure 3 shows a customer dealing with his account manager for the application of a loan. In the process, the customer does not need to deal with the different departments involved in the application of a loan. This allows the loan application to be more streamlined (Zigiaris, 2000). A vertical structure is not as efficient as customers will have to deal with several departments to process their requests. In a handle centre environment, when the customer logs a call for a IT issue, the calling department will answer his call and log the case.He will then be transferred to the technical department who will assist him with 1st level troubleshooting. In the event he cannot solve the problem, the matter will be escalated to a level 2 support and also a product sp ecialist. After his issue has been resolved, he will be transferred to the payment department where he will pay for the IT services he has used. After making payment, he will receive an email from the feedback department where they will ask the customer for feedback for the case.This slows down the entire process of resolving the problem from end to end. bingle of the main goal in BPR is to optimize the processes that takes place within the organization and reduce lead time. In order to do so, businesses has to look at its processes from a clean state perspective. For a company to be able to streamline their processes, they have to add look on to their customers through their processes. Processes should maintain its ability to add value to customers. For those processes that do not, we can automate them and put the focus on adding value. This will result in high customer satisfaction, better efficiency, elimination of watse and greater ROI(Park, 2008).BPR Methodologies There are several techniques to business process redesign and reengineering. We will discuss a few in this section. rooster and Champy A major overhaul in the organizations process and structure is one of the keys to ensuring that cost is lowered and service quality is being improved. The means of implemeting these is via the use of information technology. Besides reorganization and using IT to power the business, redesigning the work process and optimizing it, helps the organization to reduce time taken, lower costs and improve quality (Rouse, 2009). A Case study of cut through Motor CompanyFord used to employ viosterol accounts payable staff in the past. These 500 staff are running the tasks of tracking faults between purchase orders, receipts and invoices. After Ford decided to reengineer their process, the number of staff needed reduced from 500 to 125. Their reengineering efforts include * Creating an online database where all purchase orders issued by the buyers are being captured * Goods are being checked when received. The shipment being sent has to match with that in the database. This allows the staff to check if the goods were actual orders being indented. This system of checking eliminates the need to check for faults between purchase orders. * Goods being received will be marked as received and the database is being updated real-time. (Hammer Champy, 2000)Perspective of process reengineering by Hammer and Champy 1. Organize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Identify all the processes in an organization and prioritize them in order of redesign urgency. 3. Integrate information processing work into the real work that produces the information. 4. Treat geographically outspread resources as though they were centralized. 5. Link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just integrating their results. 6. portion the decision point where the work is performed, and build control into the process. 7. Capture information once and at the source.(Rouse, 2009 ) The methodological analysis preached by Hammer and Champy clearly reflects what was being discussed in the BPR focus and objectives at the start of this report. Its focus is to eliminate waste and also to focus on deliverables that will add value to customers. In order to do so, IT systems can be employed in order to automate processes which do not add value. This point of automation is being reiterated in the case study of Ford Motors. This concept of rethinking and redesigning the business process radically helps us to improve many areas of the business such as lowering costs, improving customer service, consider quality is being maintained and speed up the entire workflow.

Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Peoples testThe peak of the globalization is loosely felt when every culture around the world is structured into a centr tout ensembley focused ideal that encapsulates each grotesque cultural set-up lend oneselfd around the world. When all these cultures atomic number 18 whateverhow weded in something that both caters to each need of the various cultures of people and introduces an open arrangement and tolerance to all the available sub-cultures within a token state or nation, there is no question that globalization has taken its effect to its most fundamentally favored level. Such is the case later reading the book A Global History of Indigenous Peoples by Ken S. Coates that, according to some reviews, examines the history of the native/tribal peoples of the world and the work spans of the period from the pivotal migrations which saw the peopling of the world, and further examines the processes by which tribal peoples established themselves as separate fr om surplus-based and more material societies (Barnes and Noble). The book is excessively a successful introduction to how the impact of the differing policies of global struggles of cultural domination takes place in the world and how the colonization of these changes has force the autochthonic cultures. As a form of digest in the chapter of the book entitled Continuing the manage Indigenous Protests, Legal Agendas, and Aboriginal Internationalism, it would be great to high gear dispirit how the impact of globalization do the integration of the different innate cultures in some leading countries successful.In this aspect, no country is better to break and cite as an example than the great cultural history of the indigenous rights movement in Canada. Moreover, the analysis in this given area should focus both on how the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been integrated into the globalization integration of cultures and to how this degree has been made manifest in the uniqueness of the indigenous rights culture of the particular state.Secondly, an analysis on how this uniqueness has been able to relate to the international scenario of protests and processes that are forming the cultural integration of all the major cultures practiced in our time, is also very important. Degree of the Indigenous rights Movement in Canada When we contend the indigenous rights movement in Canada, the most immediate things we can think about and can connect to the book of Ken S. Coates are the aboriginal nature of Canadians to value the basic human right of living, the practice of democracy in their lifestyle and the value of the self-respect and integrity among their people.In the first indigenous rights movement, the main(prenominal) concern is essentially concentrated on the discrimination shown by the non-indigenous people to the basic rights of living of the indigenous ones. This is mostly felt by the Canadians in the aspect of their housing plans and the way they construct and develop the indigenous livelihood and community. With this problem, the degree of the indigenous rights movement in Canada is in a level so widespread, that it has already caught the attention of the United Nations.In this aspect alone, it could be said that the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been made unique because of its unrelenting value for the preservation of the rights of indigenous living. The second indigenous rights movement that is unique to Canadians is mostly concerned with the practice of democracy in the lifestyle of the indigenous people. The Amnesty International Canada article embrace laying out the legislative proposals for the respect of the rights of the Indigenous rights of Canadians is one of the great examples on how this movement is unique to the Canadians living an indigenous lifestyle. (Amnesty International Website)The third indigenous rights movement that has created a certain level of high degree of respect and practice amo ng the indigenous Canada is the respect for the rights of women and the condemning of any type of human abuse. This indigenous rights movement is one of those unique Canadian struggles that hurt been recognized so greatly by the world, the U. N. plane made sure that these new requests by the indigenous people would become part of the new regulation addressing indigenous rights across the globe.Connection to broader international protests and processes In a great general approach, it would be skillful to say that these unique indigenous rights movement start out been so great and effective in attempting to extrapolate all the other international protests on human rights, that some(prenominal) of the breakthrough movements across the world have already used these ideas as an ideal platform for all future proposals of addressing indigenous rights.One of the numerous examples we can cite for this connection is the creation of the Indigenous peoples legislation concerning the rat ification of ILO figure 169 (the Indigenous and Tribal peoples) of the United Nations. This, along with the many global movements in addressing the global challenge of compound indigenous cultures across the globe, is a significant international political process that, among many other things, gives light to the many demands of universalizing the indigenous rights of people in different nations.Secondly, it would also be great to highlight that many of the legislation found in the proposals advancing the rights of ownership, the respect for the rights of women and the anti-discrimination act of Canadian indigenous communities have also become great tools in understanding the great resolution of the differing conflicts between the different religions globally that have been caused by the great misunderstanding of cultures. These are the clear international process that have been caused by the Canadian indigenous rights movement.

A comparison between Jean Rhys and Una Marson Essay Example for Free

A comparison amid denim Rhys and Una Marson Essay sweep into the MetropolisExile in the Works of Jean Rhys and Una Marson.In Jonathan Millers 1970 production of Shakespe bes The Tempest the character of Caliban was cast as nigrify, therefore reigniting the bind surrounded by the Prospero/Caliban figure of speech as the colonizer/ colonise. It was not a new judgement, indeed Shakespeare him self envisaged the play set on an is world in the Antilles and the play would have had great appeal at the time when new territories were be discovered, conquered, plundered and providing seemingly inexhaustible revenue for the colonisers. What is come outicularly interesting, however, is how powerful the play later(prenominal) becomes for discourse on compoundism. This trope of Caliban is employ by George Lamming in The Pleasures of Exile where he worryns Prospero in his intercourseship with Caliban, to the start slave-traders who pulmonary tuberculosisd physical multitude and then their enculturation to subjugate the Afri mess and the Carib, overcoming any rebellion with a self righteous de borderinism. In The Pleasures of Exile Lamming sees Caliban asMan and other than earth. Caliban is his convert, colonized by delivery, and excluded by lyric numbers. It is precisely this gift of language, this tone-beginning at transformation which has brought about the pleasure and the paradox of Calibans exile. Exiled from his gods, exiled from his nature, exiled from his witness note Yet Prospero is afraid of Caliban. He is afraid beca use of goods and services he knows that his encounter with Caliban is, largely, his encounter with himself. 1The Prospero/Caliban paradigm is a very relevant attri juste for the colonizer/colonized situation of the tungsten Indies but it nevertheless dwells a paterna tendencyic coif. Where does that give women of the Caribbean? It could be argued that the Caribbean muliebrity has been even further marginalized. That in making Caliban the model of the Caribbean man it is therefore providing him with a vocalisation.Yet nowhere in the Tempest is there a female counter firearm, rendering the Caribbean cleaning lady concealed as well as silent and ignoring an essential part of their historical culture. some other issue raise here, is that Caribbean literature has for some years been male dominated. Just as the colonizer sought to ignore and marginalize their savage early(a) so the Caribbean male has ignored their female counterpart. Opal Palmer Adisa, in exploring this issue, believes that it is out of this patriarchal structure, knowing to make her an object, part of the landscape to be used and discarded as seen fit by the colonizer, that the Caribbean woman has emerged.2It was out of such a patriarchal structure that Jean Rhys and Una Marson emerged. The writing of both(prenominal) women revise and continue theme and personae, subverting a compound and patriarchal culture. two women may exist in different ethnologic and ontological realms but they both exist in worlds which have, at one time or another, establish to censure, silence or ignore the ideals and interests of women3 Like many of their male Caribbean counterparts to succeed them, their writing was greatly influenced by voyaging into the colonial metropolis and living in exile. In this essay I leave alone discuss the immensity of that journey in seeking to find a voice, an individualism, and even a language to ch solelyenge formal judgements of Self, gender and race deep down the colonial structure. But essential to their experience is their endeavor. Naipaul recognised, in Rhys, the themes of isolation, an absence of corporation or residential area, the sense of things falling apart, dependence, loss.4 This could withal be said of Marson.Jean Rhys was innate(p) Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams on twenty-fourth August 1890, in Roseau, Dominica to a Creole mother of Scottish descent and a Wel sh produce who was a doctor. Rhys left Dominica in 1907, aged sixteen and continued her education in a Cambridge girlfriends conditioning and then at the Academy of Dramatic Art which she left after two terms. Rhys experienced observeings of disaffection and isolation at both these institutions and these feelings were to stay with her for much of her invigoration. Upon pursuing a career as a chorus girl under a variety of names Rhys embarked on an affair with a man twenty years older than herself and which lasted two years. It is broadly accepted that this early period of her capital of the United Kingdom life formed the structure for Voyage In The colored, and allowardised all of Rhyss new(a)s, explores homelessness, perturbation, the marginal and the migrant. The character of Anna, like nearly of her female protagonists exists in the demimonde of urban center life, living on the wrong side of respectability. What Rhys does effectively in this novel is to centralize the marginalized, those prevail overs who belong nowhere, mingled with cultures, amid histories.5Una Marson was born in rural Jamaica in 1905. Her father was a well respected Baptist minister and as a bequeath of his stand up in spite of appearance the community Marson had the prospect to be educated on a scholarship at Hampton High School, a boarding school for mainly discolour, middle discipline girls. After finding employment as a stenographer, Marson went on to ignore the Jamaican Critic, an accomplished literary publication, and from 1928-1921, her own magazine The Cosmopolitan. Having established herself as a poet, playwright and womens active Marson made the decision to travel to Britain.Her achievements in capital of the United Kingdom were impressive a social activist within the League of Coloured Peoples which led to her taking a post as secretary to the de pose Emperor Haile Selassie and later she was appointed as a BBC commentator. In reality, however, Mars on, like Rhys found the ocean trip into the Metropolis very problematic. approach blatant racial discrimination like so many air jacket Indian women migrants of the 1950s, Una found herself obstruct at every turn. She complained and cried she felt lone(prenominal) and humiliated,. 6 In spite of many literary and social connections she remained an isolated and marginal figure. Her song displays the uncertainty of heathen belong where her language ties her to colonialism til now to a fault provides her with a powerful tool with which to challenge it.In placing Rhys alongside Marson as pioneering female writers, it is important to explore the notion of nationality, of universe Caribbean and to question the grounds upon which such ideas are constructed. Both women were writing at the same time, having been born and educated in the British colonies. Both these writers, whose lives span the twentieth one C, are situated at the village of the colonial and post-colonial, the mode rn and post modern, where the threat of fascism and war result in anti colonial struggles and eventual(prenominal) decolonisation across the world. Their transits from the colonies into the metropolitan mettle generate similar experiences.What is clear with both is that by travel into the metropolis, as women, they occupy a double marginal position within an already marginalized community. Their journey can be seen as an exploration of displacement where, consort to Edward W. Said, the intellectual exile exists in a median(prenominal) state, neither completely at one with the new setting nor fully disencumbered of the old, beset with fractional involvements and half attachments, nostalgic and sentimental at one level, an adept mimic or a secret shipwreck survivor on the other.7 Rhys and Marson, having left the Caribbean are asking us to consider what it meat to write from the margins. Within their officiate, both women challenge notions of womens place within fellowship an d womens place as a colonized subject in the metropolitan centre.The protagonist, Anna Morgan, in Voyage in the Dark, reflects Rhyss own multi indeterminate, multi conflicted individuality. Anna, like Rhys is a dust coat descendent of British colonists and slave traders who occupy a precarious position of world inbetween. Hated by the denses for their part in oppressing the slaves and continuing to cling on to that superior social position, they are also regarded by the mother farming as the last vestiges of a degenerate part of their own history best forgotten. Moreover, 1930s England, mollify under the shadow of Victorian practice dicta, continued to judge harshly a young woman without wealth, family, social position and with an odd accent.Throughout the novel Anna is identified with characters who are usually objectified and silenced in canonical works the chorus girl, the mannequin, the demimondaine.8 Much has been made of her reading of Zolas Nana and indeed there are m any parallels between the two characters. Anna, like Nana becomes a prostitute and in the freshman version of Voyage in the Dark Anna like Nana dies very young. in that respect is of course the obvious anagram of her name but, as Elaine racy highlights, some interesting revisions by Rhys. Whereas Zola, in Nana, creates a character who brings about the downfall of upper class men not with power but with only the unsophisticated currency of youth and new female sexuality9 Rhys, in Anna, creates a character who is herself destroyed by men.In Rhyss version the men who use her youth and ravisher are for the about part evidently cowardly or downright disreputable Anna herself begins as naively trusting, passes finished a stage of self destructive hopelessness and passivity and ends, in Rhyss preferred, unpublished version, by dying from a botched abortion.10If we are to see Walter Jeffries as the original European, existing in a world viewed certainly by himself as principally ord ered and reasonable then Rhys is, through and through this character, foreground the degenerate aspect of using power to commodify and even destroy, thereby subverting the colonizers position in relation to the colonized.Through the character of Anna, Rhys explores those oppositions of Self and Other, male and female, scurrilous and discolour. Even though she outwardly resembles the ovalbumin European, enabling her, unlike Marson, to blend visually within London, her tie beam with the Caribbean sets her apart as between cruddy and washrag cultures and as an exotic Other. This am banginguity of Annas position results in slippage. Anna and her family would have been regarded in the West Indies as the duster colonizers. In England and in her family with Jeffries she becomes the colonized Other. In existence read as the colonized subject Anna is continually having to adapt her world view and sense of identity to the perspective being imposed on her. A good example of this is the chorus girlss renaming her as the Hottentot aligning her to a greater extent with the sour African and demonstrating the homogenizing of the colonized peoples by the colonizers.This is similar to Spivaks belief that so intimate a thing as personal and man identity might be determined by the politics of imperialism.11 Interestingly, Hottentot is the former name for the Nama, a mobile tribe of Southern Africa. A somewhat apt comparison which reflects Annas own nomadic existence as she moves from town to town as a chorus girl and from one bed sit to another. The term Hottentot developed into a derogatory term during the Victorian era and became synonymous startlely with wide hipped, big bottomed African women with oversized genitals and then with the sexuality of a prostitute.Jeffries is fully cognisant of the implications of the name Hottentot. In response to hearing Annas renaming he says, I hope you call them something worse back.12 Elaine piquant makes a strong connectio n between Annas renaming and her relationship with Jeffries, her eventual seducer. Whilst not looking at Annas body in an obvious way, at last the transaction between them is understood fully on his side to be a promise of sexual excitement from a whiteness woman whom he perceives as having an extra agitate presumably from association with racist constructions of disconsolate females in his culture.13Franz Fanon, in his book minacious Skin, White Masks perceives these mazy colonial relations as being in a state of flux rather than set or static. In his introduction to Fanons text, Homi Bhabha highlights this point, stating that the familiar alignment of colonial subjectsBlack/White, Self/Otheris disturbedand the traditional grounds of racial identity are dispersed.14 So it is in the relationship between Jeffries and Anna. In transposing the colonizers unimaginative images of a black woman onto Anna he is disrupting and dispersing those traditional grounds of racial identity.Mo reover, Anna is sub conscious(p)ly enacting a mediated performance, aware of her relate upon him and the implications of her actions, in an attempt to adhere to his preconceptions of her. The relationship cannot be sustained on these fundamentally unstable preconceptions. Anna, both as a female and racial Other is penetrated by Jeffries and with the exchange of money is commodified. Without independent means Anna becomes that purchasable girl who is at the mercy of and eventually becomes dependent upon the upper middle class Jeffries. The relationship between these two characters reflects Rhyss own location in the world where the West Indies was at the time passive a commodity of the British Empire.In another analysis of the colonial stereotype, Homi Bhabha challenges the limiting and traditional credence of the stereotype as offering, at any one time, a secure point of identification on the part of the individual,15 in this case Jeffries and Hester. Bhabha does not argue that th e colonizers stereotyping of the colonized Other is as a result of his security in his own identity or conception of himself but more to do with the colonizers own identity and authority which is in event destabilized by contradictory responses to the Other. In order to maintain a powerful position it is important, according to Bhabha, for the colonizer to identify the colonized with the image he has already situated in his sense. This image can be ambiguous as the colonized subject can be simultaneously familiar under the penetrable regard of the all sightedness, all powerful colonial gaze and be incomprehensible like the inscrutable Oriental. The colonized can beboth savageand yet the most obedient and dignified of servants he is the embodiment of rampant sexuality and yet innocent as a child he is mystical, primitive, simpleminded and yet the most worldly and accomplished liar , and the manipulator of social forces.16In diddle, for Bhabha, the relationship between the colon izer and the colonized is riddled with contradictions and inconsistencies which, when imposed upon the colonized Other, cause a crisis of identity. So it is with Anna. Jeffries upon first meeting with the very young Anna can see that she is as innocent as a child and is most obedient sexually, but by her association with the Caribbean and the Hottentot as I have previously explored, she is subsequently attributed with being the embodiment of rampant sexuality resulting in his taking of her virginity, abandoning her to prostitution but also leading to as Veronica Clegg observes a loss of temporal referents17Annas stepmother, Hester, also attempts to impose an identity upon Anna which not only conflicts with Annas own sense of identity but is also based around stereotypical perceptions. . Hester, whose voice represents a repressive side of meat colonial law18 believes that Annas fathers troubles resulted from his having lost touch with everybody in England19 and that these severing of ties with the over-embellished motherland is a signal to her that he was failing,20 losing his identity, reduced to the level of the black inhabitants of the island. This idea of contamination and racial reduction is explored by Paul B. Rich who explains that there was a belief in the early twentieth century that white people in the tropics risked in the absence of continual heathen contacts with their restrained northern culture, being reduced to the level of those black races with whom they had made their unnatural home.21In Hesters eyes this observable loss of identity is also experienced by Anna. She continually criticizes her speech, her relationship with Francine the black servant, and also insinuates degenerative behaviour on the part of her family, particularly Uncle Bo. Hesters views reflect the growing disapproval in England at that time, of relationships between white people and the black population in the West Indies. Inter-racial relationships were discouraged f or fear of contamination of the white Self. In voicing her disapproval of Annas friendship with Francine along with her continual use of the racist and derogatory term ringtail, Hester is alluding to the fact that, in her opinion, Anna, especially through her speech, has indeed been contaminated and reduced racially and that Annas association with Francine thwarts her attempts to reconnect her with the colonizers cultural contacts.Hester rails that she finds it impossible to get you Anna away from the servants. That awful sing-song voice you had Exactly like a nigger you talkedand still do. Exactly like that dreadful girl Francine. When you were jabbering away together in the buttery I never could tell which of you was chating.22 Hesters constant criticism only serves to undermine Annas real identity and slue her further from the Caribbean world she once inhabited and the alienating London world she is now experiencing. Her accent sets her apart, blow between two worlds.Annas d ifficulties in negotiating these two worlds is a result of the return of the diasporic to the metropolitan centre where the amazement of the living is most acutely experienced.23 This can certainly be seen in her response to the weather which, according to Bhabha, invokes the most changeable and imminent signs of national fight24 The novel opens withIt was as if a curtain had fallen, hiding everything I had ever known. It was close to like being born again. The colours were different, the smells different, the feeling things gave you right down indoors yourself was different. Not just the deflection between heat and cold light, biasedness purple, grey. But a dissimilarity in the way I was frightened and the way I was happy. I didnt like London at first. I couldnt get used to the cold.25And later upon arriving in England with Hester she describes it as being divided into squares like pocket-handkerchiefs a small tidy look it had, everywhere fenced off from everywhere else 26and then in London where the dark houses all alike frowning down one after another27 Throughout the novel Anna continually experiences feelings of being enclosed. Many of the bedsits are restricting and box-like. On one occasion she remarks that this damned rooms getting small and smallerAnd about the rows of houses outside gimcrack, rotten-looking and all exactly alike.28 The many small rooms between which Anna moves emphasize her disempowerment through enclosed spaces. These spaces, in turn, serve as metaphors for the consequences in voyaging into the metropolitan centre. She is at once shut inside these small monotonous rooms and shut out from that world which has sought to colonize her. It is perhaps juiceless that the further she moves into the centre of the city, ending up as she does on Bird bridle-path, just off Oxford track , the more she is shut out and marginalized by that imperialistic society.Her memories of the West Indies are in sharp line of descent to her impress ions of England. The images of home are al slipway affectionate, vivid and exotic, Thinking of the walls of the Old Estate firm, still standing, with moss on them. That was the garden. hotshot ruined room for roses, one for orchids, one for ferns. And the honeysuckle all along the steep flight of steps.29 When comparison the two worlds she remarks to herself that the colours are red, purple, blue , gold, all shades of green. The colours here are black, grey, dim-green, grim blue, the white of peoples faces like woodlice. 30 Her memory of home is experienced sensuously as she recalls the sights and smellsMarket Street smelt of the wind but the narrow street smelt of niggers and wood smoke and salt fishcakes deep-fried in lard and the sound of the black women as they call out, salt fishcakes, all bouquet an charmin, all sweet an charmin.31Anna attempts to convey this richness to Jeffries. His failure to appreciate the kayo she describes merely underlines the differences between the two. He expresses a p audience for cold places remarking that The tropics would be altogether too lush.32 Jeffriess reaction to the West Indies in fact reflects the colonizers view that the ruined room for roses and orchids portray a disorder, a garden of Eden complete with its implications of moral decay and as Bhabha states, a tropical chaos that was deemed despotic and ungovernable and therefore worthyy of the civilizing mission.33 Annas association with this world sets her up, in Walters eyes, as a figure representing a secret depravity promising command desires. Anna, like the West Indies is something to be overpowered, enslaved and colonized, where the colonizer seeks to strip their identity and impose their own beliefs and desires.It is significant, therefore, that following this picture Anna loses her virginity to Jeffries and recalls the memory of the mulatto slave girl, Maillotte Boyd, aged 18, whose record Anna once found on an old slave list at Constance.34 Like Maillotte Boyd, Anna is now merely a commodity and Jeffries has no intention of ever seeing her as an equal. Her purity, in his eyes isnt worth preserving as he already considers her the contaminated Other. By his actions he succeeds in maintaining that patriarchal imperialism which relies on institutional forms of racial and national separateness. Anna, as a twentieth century white Creole, is no freer than the nineteenth century mulatto slave. Just as Maillotte Boyd is, as racially mixed, suspended between two races, so Anna as a white Creole is suspended between two cultures, exit her dislocated.Annas voyage into the imperialist metropolis leads to boundaries and codes of behaviour, language and dress being constantly imposed upon her. She is aware for example of the importance of clothes as a means of controlling her social standing and also her standing as a woman. Through her dress Anna almost becomes that elegant white lady, mimicking Londons female high society. For Jeffries , Anna represents the exist of caricature, which , according to Bhabha is a difference which is almost nothing but not quite and which turns to menace- a difference that is total but not quite.35 This mimicry serves to empower Anna as it ultimately destabilises the essentialism of colonialist ideology, resulting in Jeffries imposing upon Anna the identity of the West Indian Other This in turn leads to feelings of loss, hallucination and dislocation, a rejection of being white and a desire to be black. I always wanted to be black.I was happy because Francine was there.Being black is warm and gay, being white is cold and sad.36 Annas association with Hester meant that she hated being white. Being white and getting like Hester, old and sad and everything.37 Yet the warmth she expresses in her memories of Francine are always tempered by her acknowledgement that Francine disliked her because I Anna was white.38 Her feelings of being between cultures and feeling dislocated are never f ully resolved. Annas voyage in the dark, reflects Rhyss own sense of exile and marginality as a white West Indian woman. Teresa OConnor remarks that Rhys, herself caught between places, cultures, classes and races, never able to identify clearly with one or the other, gives the same marginality to her heroines, so that they reflect the alone(predicate) experience of dislocation of the white Creole woman.39The language used to express feelings of exile and loneliness, destitution and dislocation is both sparse and economic. It is neither decorative nor contrived, devoid of sentiment or without seeking sympathy. In commenting upon an essay written by Rhys discussing gender politics, Gregg writes that It is important to note her Rhyss belief that writing has a subversive potential. Resistancecan be carried out through writing that exposes and opposes the political and social arrangements.40 Helen Carr, in her exploration of Rhyss language believes thatRhys in her fictions unpicks and mocks the language by which the powerful keep control, while at the same time shifting, bending, re-inventing ways of using language to open up fresh possibilities of being.41Una Marson, another Caribbean to voyage into the metropolis, also experienced loneliness, isolation and a struggle with the complexity of identity. Like Rhys, Marson fought with these feelings throughout her life, resulting in long periods of depression. Her belief in womens need for pride in their cultural heritage established Marson as the earliest female poet of significance to emerge in West Indian literature.42 She not only challenged received notions of womens place in society but also elevated questions about the relationship of the colonized subject to the mother country43There was a considerable amount of poetry emerging out of the West Indies around this time but most of it was dismissed as being not truly West Indian,44 the reason for this being partly because many of the writers were English but al so because many of the styles used by these writers mimicked colonial forms. Many of Marsons early poetry reflects this mimicry showing a reliance upon the Romantics of the English poetic tradition, particularly Shelley, Wordsworth and Byron. The poem Spring in England reveals this indebtedness to the Romantics, including as it does a stanza where, having observed the arrival of Spring in London, the poet asksAnd what are daffodils, daffodilsDaffodils that Wordsworth praised?I asked. Wait for Spring,Wait for the Spring, the birds replied.I waited for Spring, and lo they came,A host of shining daffodilsBeside the lake beneath the trees(The Moth p6)45Clearly there are echoes of Wordsworths Daffodils throughout the stanza, reflecting the drive by colonialism through education to eradicate the West Indian selfhood. Yet for Marson this harnessing of English culture not only posed few problems but indeed was, I would argue, a necessary step in her voyage of self discovery. As seen with Rh ys, mimicry was a subversive threat to colonial ideology, especially through language. Homi Bhabhas notion of mimicry seeks to explore those ambivalences of such destabilizing colonial and post-colonial exchanges.The menace of mimicry is its double vision which in disclosing the ambivalence of colonial discourse also disrupts its authority. The ambivalence of colonial authority repeatedly turns from mimicry a difference which is almost nothing but not quite to menace a difference that is almost total but not quite. And in that other scene of colonial power, where history turns to farce and presence to a part can be seen the twin figures of narcissism and paranoia that repeat furiously, uncontrollably.46Bhabhas essay in recognising the power, the play and the dynamics between the colonizer and the colonized offers an selection to the pessimistic view held by V.S. Naipaul who believed that West Indian culture was ill-fated to mimicry, unable to create anything original. Marsons m imicry of the Romantics could be seen as a preparation to enter the colonizers metropolis, and to attempt to put one across into the colonizers world. In making that voyage to the metropolis, Una Marson succeeds in taking that step from the copy to the original. By remaining in Jamaica Marson risked remaining in an environment too rigidly ingrained by colonial prescriptions.Una Marsons voyage into the center field of the Empire, however, resulted in intense disappointment. For the first time, Marson experienced open racism and according to Jarrett-McCauley The truth was that Una dreaded sacking out because people stared at her, men were curious but their gaze insulted her, even small children with short dimpled legs called her common racoonShe was a black foreigner seen only as strange and unwanted. This was the Fact of Blackness which Fanon was to analyse in Black Skins, White Masks(1952), that inescapable, heightening level of consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes. 47Unlike Rhys, Marson was finding it impossible to blend visually within London. Consciousness of her colour made Marson conscious of her marginality. This consciousness led her seriously to question the values of the mother country. Marsons work moved from mimicry to anti-patriarchal discourse, seen in her poem Politeness where she responds to the William Blake poem diminished Black Boy withThey tell usThat our skin is blackBut our hearts are whiteWe tell themThat their skin is whiteBut their hearts are black(Tropic Reveries p 44)The poem demonstrates Marsons growing resentment at being alienated by the colonial power. There is an uncertainty in her desire to both belong and to challenge, echoing Rhys in her sense of cultural unbelonging. Those anti-patriarchal feelings are present once more in her poem Nigger where she communicates the anger she feels at being abused and marginalized as the racial Other.They call me NiggerThose teentsy white urchins,They laughed and shoutedAs I passed along the street,They flung it at meNigger Nigger NiggerShe retorts to this abuse furiously withYou who feel that you are sprungOf earths first blood, your eyesAre blinded now with arrogance.With ruthlessness you searedMy peoples flesh and now you stillWould bewilder their very soulAdd fierce insult to vilest injury.48In its repetition of the shocking term Nigger, Marson is confronting the white colonialists use of the word to exert power over and oppress the colonized. The violence of its use reflects the violence of their divided history where Of those who drove the Negroes / To their death in days of slavery, regard Coloured clan aslow and base.49 In highlighting this history of violence, oppression and slavery, Marson is attempting to invert this oppression and dislodge the notion of white supremacy, whilst attempting to carry on a position from West Indian to African and in doing so, fashion an identity. By writing the poem in the first person singular an d moving from They to You when addressing the white colonizers, Marson succeeds in centralizing herself and reversing the binary system of Self and Other.Nigger marks Marsons sharpened perspective on issues such as racism and identity. Her voyage into the metropolitan centre triggers those emergent identifications and new social movementsbeingplayed out.50 It was a time in Marsons life where she was made to feel inadequate, lonely and humiliated but it also roused her to resist the corrosive force of her authoritarian world.51 Nigger reveals this sense of belonging and not belonging felt by Marson, of being part of the empire but never part of the Motherland, yet it simultaneously challenges the very essentialism in which the colonial Self is rooted.Moreover, the hostility she experiences in many ways acknowledges the success of Marsons performance as a hybrid. Marsons frustration and anger was compounded by the fact that in being middle class and educated she possibly saw herself as a notch higher up the poor, black working class women from the old communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and London52 Marson explores this question of how middle class West Indians negotiate being educated and yet marginalized and even considered inferior in her play London Calling. The play, based on the experiences of colonial students in London charts the story of a group of expatriates who, upon being invited to the house of an aristocratic English family, dress up in outlandish native costume and speak in broken English.The play, a comedy, takes a light hearted look at the stereotypical images held by the British, at the same time countering the fabrication of black inferiority. There is, in the play, a curious twist as the students from Novoko are presented as black versions of the British in their dress and behaviour, mimic men and yet they themselves attempt to mimic their own folk culture. They are eventually discovered by one of the family, Larkspur, who then proposes mar riage to Rita, one of the Novokans. The play ends with Rita declining Larkspurs proposition in favour of Alton, another Novokan. This rejection of Larkspur places Rita in a powerful position. Rita is no longer the undesirable Other, she has resisted the oppressive world of the colonialists and placed herself as the centralised Self. Rita is Marsons fantasy where the black woman is recognised as sightly and an equal.Marsons activities in the League of Coloured Nations gave her purpose, direction and the opportunity to advance her political education whilst introducing her to the Pan African movement a sort of boomerang from the horrors of slavery and colonialism, to which Una, like many of her generation, was being steadily drawn.53 Marsons work around this time reflects a desire to reclaim and restore that Other cultural tradition, a difficult task as the Caribbean was not an homogeneous agency and it was not easy to establish a pre-colonial culture. The pagan mix was large and hybrid making the notion of Caribbeanness less easy to define. The Pan-African movement provided links with an alternative body to European colonialism and offered Marson a platform to renegotiate and redefine her idea of Caribbeaness and race, an option not offered to Rhys. Having established a sense of being a black person in a white imperialist centre, she now needed to make sense of being a black woman within this paternal centre.The poem Little Brown Girl attempts just this, constructing a dialogue of sorts between a white Londoner, whose gender is unclear, and a little brown girl. The poem begins with a series of questions put to the childLittle brown girlWhy do you wander aloneAbout the streetsOf the great cityOf London?Why do you start and winceWhen white folk stare at youDont you think they peculiarityWhy a little brown girlShould roam about their cityTheir white, white city?(The Moth, p11)The questioning of the little brown girls presence in London suggests a linguistic imperialism. It may be construed as the vocaliser challenging her right to be in the city, establishing her as the nameless, black Other. Her feeling of difference is emphasized in the repetition of the word white on the final line of the second stanza. The three stanza plays out an interesting reversal in notions of blackness. The speaker asks why she has left the little sunlit land / where we sometimes go / to rest and get brown54 alluding to the desire of white skinned people to tan which for the white colonialist signifies wealth, for the black Other being inferior and uneducated.From here there is a subtle shift of speaker and London is seen through the eyes of the little brown girl. Her perception of the city is distinctly unattractive where There are no laughing faces, / people frown if one really laughs andTheres nothing picturesqueTo be seen in the streets,Nothing but people cladIn Coats, Coats, Coats,(The Moth, p11)If the poem began with the strangeness of the brown girl to the white gaze, here it teases out those feelings of alienation felt by the little brown girl at being in such a cold, drab place, so different from her own home. erstwhile more Marson creates a reversal in the stereotype as she seeks to objectify white people observing that the kinfolk are all white -/ White, white, white, / And they all seem the same.55 In homogenizing the colonizers, the hybridity of the West Indians are then noteworthy in the many varied skin tones of black and bronze and brown which are themselves homogenized by the label Black. The vibrancy, colour and friendliness of back home where the folks are Parading the city wearing impertinent attractive bandanas contrasts with the previous stanza of the dour images of London.The dialogue is handed back to the white speaker who attempts to establish the origins of the little black girl but succeeds in once more re-establishing the homogeneic white gaze indicated in the speakers inability to distinguish between many distinct nations And from whence are youLittle brown girl?I guess Africa, or India,Ah no, from some islandIn the West IndiesBut isnt that IndiaAll the same?(The Moth, p13)More than anything the poem conveys that sense of isolation felt by the little brown girl in the city. She never answers the white speaker directly and is positioned in the middle of the poem, again centralizing the colonized. In asking the question Would you like to be white/Little brown girl? there is a sense of the colonizer attempting to rig and dominate the colonized, to Europeanise, ultimately leading to mimicry. Yet the questioner responds himself with I dont think you would / For you toss your head / As though you are proud / To be brown. 56 Marson, here, signals a move away from being a mimic man seeking to challenge that whole Eurocentric paternalistic world and centralise the black women, the most marginalized figure in society.The themes central to Little Brown Girls themes echo Rhyss own negativ e reactions to London seen in the opening page of Voyage in the Dark. Like Rhys, Marson succeeds in capturing that colour and warmth of the West Indies contrasting greatly with the misery of London, experienced by both and which reinforce that racial and national separateness. Those differences rebel for both to be irreconcilable, making it impossible for both Rhys and Marson to integrate, leaving both women dislocated from the metropolis. Little Black Girl serves as a useful reminder that many immigrants were women. This encounter between the city and a woman (in Marsons case, a black woman) echoes Annas encounter in Voyage in the Dark albeit as a prostitute.Both walk the streets of the city and as women-as-walkers encounter the metropolis, negotiating its spaces. Denise deCaires Narian suggests that certainly Marson could be considered as a flaneuse.57 neither Rhys nor Marson, however have the confident panache of the flaneuse and neither fulfil the requirements of flanerie origi nally set out by Baudelaire. The flaneur, he asserted, saw the crowd as his domain, His passion and his profession is to merge with the crowd.58 The flaneur and therefore the flaneuse is engaged in strolling and looking but most importantly merging with the crowd. For Marson this is impossible as she is a black woman in a white city.Moreover, Baudelaire expands upon the idea of the flaneur as having the ability to be away from home and yet to feel at home anywhere, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to be unseen of the world.59 again this is problematic for both Marson and Rhys as their wanderings around the metropolis seek only to reinforce those feelings of Otherness, isolation and marginality. For Marson these feelings of alienation gained her the reputation of being a true loner who didnt exactly seek out company60 leading to a heightened level of bodily consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes.61In her struggle with being marginalized as a black wom en always at the mercy of the white metropolitan gaze, Marson was always aware of that Europeanised sense of beauty being white. This idea of beauty was so entrenched, even within the black community that they themselves set beauty against the paleness of their own skin. The importance of popularly disseminated images is tackled in pic Eyes where a black mother in addressing her daughter attempts to challenge the idea that Europeans still provide the aesthetic reference point.62 The speaker urges her eighteen year old daughter to avoid the movie theater fearing that it might reinforce the idea that white is beautiful causing the girl to lose sight of her own beautyCome, I will let you goWhen black beautiesAre chosen for the screenThat you may knowYour own sweet beautyAnd not the white lovelinessOf others for envy.(The Moth, p88)By growing up with a cinema mind the mother has allowed herself to be at the mercy of those tools used by the colonizer to marginalize and indoctrinate, pr omoting their own superiority. Once again the mimic man re-emerges when black women reject their own in seeking an ideal man. No kinky haired man for me, / No black face, no black children for me.63 This rather melodramatic narrative within the poem tells of the mothers fair husband shooting her first suitor whom she had initially rejected for being too dark, and then committing suicide.The shooting scene, a re enactment of a gun fight in a western, presents the cinema as a racist and degenerate institution. By the end of the poem, the speaker acknowledges her mistake in rejecting the first lover and finds a sense of self, previously denied by the saturation of cinematic images. In trembling off the colonizers indoctrination, which seeks to marginalize her, she addresses the question posed by Franz Fanon which is to what extent authentic love will remain unattainable before one has purged oneself of that feeling of inferiority?64 Black invisibility in the cinema results in white id eology being forced upon a black body and essentially commodifying it and it is this which Marson seeks to deconstruct.Another poem which tackles the reconstruction of female identity is Black is Fancy, where the speaker compares her reflection in the mirror with a picture Of a beautiful white lady.65 The mirror serves to reclaim the idea of black as being beautiful and a rediscovery of selfSince Aunt Lisa gave meThis nice looking glassI begin to feel proudOf my own self(The Moth, p75)The speaker eventually removes the picture of the white woman suggesting that black worth and beauty can only really exist in the absence of white colonialism. The poem ends in a victory of sorts as she declares that John, her lover has rejected the pale skin in favour of His black ivory girl.66Kinky Haired Blues represents Marsons quest for a more effective and authentic poetic voice in its use of African American speech.. The poem explores the rhythms and musical influences found in Harlem and gather ing neural impulse about this time. Kinky Haired Blues like Cinema Eyes and Black is Fancy criticizes the oppressive beauty regime of white colonialism which seeks to disfigure and marginalize the black woman. The poem opens with the speaker attempting to find a beauty shopGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a belleGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a lovely belle.The boys pass me byThey say Is not so swell(The Moth, p91)The speaker seeks to Europeanise her black features in an attempt to make herself more attractive. manly indifference experienced in the metropolis forces the speaker to see herself as an aberration, thrusting her onto the margins of a society which is continually projecting the idea that white is right. The beauty shop contains all the trappings of the colonizers idea of beauty, iron out hair and bleached skin. Yet she is caught between being left to die on de shelf 67 if she doesnt change herself, or eradicating her ethnic features and therefore her inner se lf if she does. By using blues within the poetry she is able to communicate this misery felt within her, that male perceptions of beauty projected by the colonizers dictate that she must distort her own natural beauty in order to fit in and conform. The poem highlights the struggle Marson experiences in trying to preserve her selfhood against such oppressive cultural forces.Marson defiantly attempts to stand against this patriarchal order. She proudly announces that I like me black face / And me kinky hair. Inspite of this brave stand Marson eventually succumbs and admits that she is gwine press me hair / And bleach me skin. She, like Rhys can only resist internally to the colonialists ideals imposed on them.As writers voyaging into the metropolis both Rhys and Marson share in their writing a pervasive sense of isolation where, from the location of London, their particular voices and concerns are, at the time, not recognised. Both writers, from this isolated position on the peripher y of the centre. explore issues of womanhood, race and identity,. Marsons experiences bring about an acute awareness of her difference and Otherness as a Black woman. Her work is a defiant voice against this marginalisation and isolation. She was, as Jarrett MaCauley claims the first Black feminist to speak out against racism and sexism in Britain.68 She was a pioneer in a growing literary culture which was to become the new postcolonial order.Rhys, by contrast, a white West Indian from Dominica was experiencing a declining white minority status against a growing black population, itself an isolating factor both at home and within the metropolis. Kenneth Ramchard suggests that the work of white West Indian writers is characterized by a sense of embattlementAdapted from Fanon we might use the phrase terrified consciousness to suggest the White minoritys sensations of shock and disorientation as a experience Black population is released into an awareness of power.69It is this terrif ied consciousness which contributes to the struggle experienced by Anna in Voyage in the Dark . Located simultaneously both inside and outside West Indian socio cultural history, her journey to the mother country seeks only to exacerbate these feelings of in-betweenness and to suffer feelings of dislocation and alienation.Both writers, therefore, in their voyage into the metropolis endure different kinds of anxieties in their sense of unbelonging to either or both cultural worlds. Both use their writing to speak for the marginal, the hegemonic, the dispossessed, the colonized silenced female voice situated as they were within the cold, oppressive, hierarchical colonial metropolis attempting to impose an oppressive identity upon the exiled women.1 George Lamming The Pleasures of Exile (London Alison, 1960) p152 Palmer Adisa De expression Reflect Dem Ethos in The Winds of Change The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed. By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong Le ek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p23)3 The Winds of Change The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong-Leek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p6)4 V.S. Naipaul New York look backward of Books 1992. Quoted in Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p155 Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p. xiv6 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson (Manchester Manchester University instancy, 1998) p517 Edward W. Said Representations of the Intellectual (London Vintage 1994) p498 Molly Hite The Other Side of the Story Structures and Strategies of Contemporary Feminist Narrative Quoted in Joy Castro Jean Rhys in The Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20, 2000. www.highbeam.com/library/doc.3.asp p6.Accessed 1 December 2005.9 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9210 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9311 Gayatri Spivak Three Womens Text and a Critique of Imperialism in Henry Louis Jr. render slipst ream, Writing and Difference (Chicago University of Chicago atmospheric pressure, 1987) p26912Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark (London Penguin Books 1969)13 Elaine Savoury Jean Rhys (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998) p 9514 Homi Bhabha Remembering Fanon, forward to Franz Fanon s Black Skin, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986) p ix15 Homi Bhabha The Other Question Location of goal (London Routledge 1994)p6916 Ibid p6917 Veronica Marie Gregg Jean Rhyss historical belief Reading and Writing the Creole (North Carolina The University of North Carolina Press, 1995) p11518 Sue Thomas The Worlding of Jean Rhys ( Westport Greenwood Press 1999) p10619 Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark p5320 Ibid21 Paul B. Rich Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1986) p1922 Voyage in the Dark p5623 Ibid p32024 Homi Bhabha DissemInation Time, Narrative and the margins of the Modern Nation The Location of Culture p31925 Voyage in the Dark p726 Ibid p1527 Ibid p1628 Ibid p 2629 Ibid p4530 Ibid p4731 Ibid p732 Ibid p4633 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture p31934 Voyage in the Dark p4535 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p8536 Ibid p2737 Ibid p6238 Ibid p6239 Teresa OConnor The Meaning of the West Indian Experience for Jean Rhys (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1985)cited in Caribbean Woman Writers Essays from the first International Conference. p1940 Taken from Rhyss non fictional analysis of Gender Politics. Veronica Gregg, Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination p4741 Helen Carr Jean Rhys, (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd, 1996) p 7742 Lloyd W. Brown, West Indian metrical composition (London Heineman, 1978) p 3843 Denise deCaires Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry Making style (London Routledge, 2002) p 244 Ibid p445 Una Marson The Moth and the Star, (Kingston, Jamaica Published by the Author, 1937) p2446 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture, (London Routledge, 1994) pp85-9247 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson pp 49, 5048 The Ro utledge Reader in Caribbean Literature ed. Alison Donnell and Sarah Lawson Welsh (London Routledge, 1996) p140-14149 Ibid50 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p 32051 Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson p5152 Ibid p5153 Ibid p5454 Una Marson Little Brown Girl, The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica The Gleaner. 1937) p1155 Ibid56 Ibid p1357 deCaires Narain puts forward an interesting link between Marson and Sam Selvons The Lonely Londoners highlighting external identity in her book Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry p 2158 Baudelaire The Painter and the Modern Life cited in Keith Tester The Flaneur (New York Routledge, 1994), p 259 Ibid p360 Jarrett-MaCauley, p5361 Ibid p5062 Laurence A. Brainer An Introduction to West Indian Poetry (Cambridge CUP, 1998), p15463 Una Marson Cinema Eyes The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica The Gleaner.1937) p8764 Franz Fanon Black Skins, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986), p465 Una Marson Black is Fancy The Moth and the Star p7566 Ibid p7667 Una Marson Kinky Hai r Blues The Moth and the Star p9168 Jarret MaCauley pvii69 Kenneth Ramchard The West Indian Novel and its reason (London Faber, 1870), p225