Evolution of foreign worker in Malaysia

Evolution of outside(prenominal) actor in MalaysiaDecades earlier, the movement of pot from adept bulge out to a nonher exist almodal values. Pending their own reasons or motive, mickle exert been moving for centuries from unrivaled fix to an other(a) in rules of order to dwell their survival. To date, immigration amongst different countries is no retentiveer a sunrise(prenominal) phenomenon. At the period of world war, m each inhabitants were displaced to other nation overdue to man- do and natural disasters. Until now, the phenomenon still exists which ar primarily driven by poverty in their home country. Thus, in that respect ar both disembowel and push ingredients behind the migration of roil. The situation applies to Malaysia tribe as well.Multi-ethnic population in Malaysia demonst commitd the enormous history of migration. About 40 per cent of its 26 cardinal people be of immigrants. Due to its geographical local anestheticisation at the crossroads of Southeast Asia, Malaysia had for centuries been open to traders and travellers from the East and the West (Zahid Zamir. 2006). It is during the time of late nineteenth and earlyish twentieth centuries that the in merge of extraneous thespians curiously from the Indian subcontinent, china and Ind superstarsia started to educe into Malaysia.During the time of British colony, our country confronted with solid crusade deficit. A solution has been taken to import the cheap task resources from India and China to fiddle in tin mines, rubber plantation and cornerstone development. In that period, these immigrant actors contributed cheap as well as adequate fork out of local work force when local workers both found not typesetters caseable or interested in workings under the alike harsh conditions faced by the immigrant labours (Zahib Zamir, 2006). With the incoming inter interior(a) workers curiously from China and India to work in the plantations, mines and the mental synthesis sectors, an alien community has seduceed onward the independent of 1957.After gaining independence in 1957 and the establishment of the periodic 5 year Malaysia plan, the development population has prompted the country to put emphasis on housing need. As the complex body part manufacturing outgrow the general economy, labour deficit were situati wholly acute in many indispensable trades such(prenominal) as concreting, carp admittance, bricklaying, painting, tiling, bar bending, and plumbing by the late 1980s and mid-nineties (Abdul-Aziz, 1995). Phenomenon where local worker markets could not provide sufficient inevitably kick masterstairs on that time. The agribusiness sector was the first-year to experience labour shortfall and followed by the crook and manufacturing sectors. inappropriate workers from neighbouring countries seek ap smirchment as workers in these sectors (International Migrations in Malaysia, 27 Nov 2006). Basically, orthogonal workers who involve in eyeshot attention come from different nationality such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and others.To date, the presence of contradictory workers in Malaysia has become a norm. It is an immediate measurement to solve the labour shortage problem. The opposed workers has become part of Malaysia society as the demand for workforce is growing and low- tear work surround and image argon accelerating be workers to leave the verbal expression field. In the recent time, overseas workers macrocosm for the to the highest degree part absorbs to work in tight labour market conditions and low salaried fields such as mental synthesis industriousness. both(prenominal) developed and maturation countries ar apt to prohibit unconnected worker from being de jure employed for the decide of limiting the number of hot entrants to protect their home(prenominal) labourers. contrary worker are allow to be employed in selected sectors such as pla ntation, manufacture as well as body structure manufacture with specify limitations and regulations.2.3 BASIC DATA ON contrasted prole jibe to Economic Report 2004/2005, total number of contrasted workers rosiness from 4% of total employment in 1990 to about 10.7% in 1997 and 9% in 2001. As at July 2004, there are about 1.3 one million million million registered foreign workers, constituting 12% of total employment in the country. Foreign workers apply steadily increased in number over the past both decades and they begin become a key part of the economy for most of the countries. However, for mingled reasons, the Government and the employers both small and big wee-wee tended to down play the importance of foreign labour in the countrys development.The simple verifiable of foreign worker to come and work in Malaysia was to make or so fortune and return their home after some time. Combination of factors including the unattractiveness of manual(a) plait work to loca l youths, an expanding manufacturing sector that broaden better employment conditions, labour attrition, increasing opportunities for tertiary education, a lower birth rate and out-migration of Malaysia workers to high wages country such as capital of Singapore and Japan have make the foreign worker become spanking component in bend workforce in Malaysia (Abdul Rashid, Abdul Aziz, 2001). Local people are no yearlong able to sustain the demand and needs of bodily structure application (Azian, 2004). In order to primary(a)(prenominal)tain the rapid intricacy of eddy constancy, foreign workers is the option to run the needs. harmonise to statistic on regularized foreign workers (Figure 2.1), it indicates that construction sector is the most active in utilizing foreign worker. According to Ahmad, 1996, the Malaysia construction industry has relied on foreign work force since early of 1980s. An estimated 60% of manual workers in the construction industry were foreign nationa ls in 1987 (Gill, 1988), a figure which increase to 70% in 1991 (Pillai, 1992) and then 80% in 1995 (Balaisegaram and Pillai, 1996). Since then, the local apprentices shed away from working in construction industry as they feel that working together with these migrant workers was not conducive. Furthermore, the shortages of construction workers was largely rooted from such well-known shells such as poor image, uncertainty in addresser path, lack of training and education, declining wages, poor work environment, and the transient constitution of construction workers. All of the reasons above have caused large proportions of foreign workers in Malaysia construction industry. The growth of foreign worker in construction industry is continuing.Figure 2.1 Number of regularized foreign workers by nationality (July 1992- December 1995).(Source Immigration Department, as quoted in Kassim (1996))From the statistic of Annual Labour crash Survey conducted by the Department of Statistics, i t indicates that the number of legal foreign workers in Malaysia rose to 1,359,632 as at July 2004. Foreign workers are employed in all major sectors of the economy, with manufacturing accounting the largest share at 30.5%, attends (25%), agriculture (24.7%) and construction (19.8%). These workers are normally employed in jobs critics label the 3D that is dangerous, difficult and dirty. In others words foreign workers are employ in position where local refused to do.Figure 2.2 Percentages of Legal Foreign Workers in Malaysia by Country(Source Annual Labour Force Survey, Department of Statistics)From the Figure 2.2 above, legal age of foreign workers are from Indonesia, averaging 66.5% of total foreign workers, followed by Nepal (9.2%), Bangladesh (8.0%), India (4.5%) and Myanmar (4.2%). By covering the steadily rose add up on foreign workers, the Home rector Datuk Seri Hishammuddin Hussein had announced that the governing plans to reduce the number of foreign workers to 1.5 mi llion in three years.MCA president Datuk Seri Dr Chua Soi Lek had recently called for the government to conduct a comprehensive study of the countrys dependence on foreign labour. Dr Chua noted that the countrys local labour force was not sufficient to maintain local industries contempt the governments ambitious plans for a high-income economy under the New Economic Model. Hence, the dodging of government to reduce Malaysian dependency on foreign workers comforter up stakes be done after a long run. As long as there is un exceptional supply of foreign workers, employer volition continue rely on them to their advantage.2.4 ADMISSION OF FOREIGN WORKER IN MALAYSIA current criteria and process have to be observed by foreign workers for entry into Malaysia. Started from 1 August 2005, application for foreign worker is submitted to a adept-Stop shopping center located in the Immigration Department of Malaysia. There are ii types of migrants in Malaysia that is temporary migrants a nd permanent migrants. For those foreign workers that come into Malaysia in a specified period with single entry visa from Malaysia Embassy abroad, they are treated as temporary migrants. Initially, foreign worker is allowed to work for 3 years yet and upon application be drawed from year to year to the fifth year. For perpetuation after fifth year, employer mustinessiness obtain declaration from National vocational Training Council (NVTC) or Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) that the particular worker is a scientific disciplineed worker.Basically, foreign workers are fireed to act as construction workers in the construction industry and work predominantly on construction sites and are typically engaged in aspects of the industry other than design or finance (Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia). The job application of foreign workers includes bricklayer, carpenter, concrete eater, fencer, labourer and etc. Foreign worker who wish to extend working period in Mal aysia must obtain either Malaysian Skills Certificate take aim I II or Skilled Workers enfranchisement from NVTC or Skills Proficiency Certificate or Skilled Foreign Workers franchise from CIDB.2.5 REASONS CAUSE THE INFLOW OF FOREIGN WORKER TO MALAYSIAThere are some(prenominal) factors that attract foreign workers to work in Malaysia. First and foremost, Malaysia is attractive to foreign workers because of its better economic executeance and pictureive. Most of the foreign workers are come from our neighbouring countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. It is a reality that the standard of life tint over their hometowns is much lower in Malaysia. In such countries, the populations are much higher with limited job opportunities. The respective country where foreign workers come from is still under developing and some of them live in poverty. Due to great industrialised and improvement of economy in Malaysia, there has been a massive rural-urban migration dri ft, which in turn lead to a sound shortage of workers. Hence, foreign worker was attracted to work in Malaysia.As a multi- lingua and cultural country, the multi-ethic people in Malaysia mainly from Malays, Chinese and Indians wad live together in a harmony lifestyle. This is the second pull factor to foreign workers to work in Malaysia as they feel that Malaysian are helpful, kind, friendly, cooperative and tolerate. Different with other country, the political and economic stableness in Malaysia is as well one of the factors tempting the inflow of foreign workers. As we all know, the policy regarding to foreign workers in Malaysia is fair and big(p), the country elect by foreign workers due to its pleasant moderate climate, open and liberal atmosphere. For foreign workers, Malaysia is heaven for them to work along with.Malaysia holds a better prospect for incoming of foreign labour because it is a fast developing and progressive nation. According to A. Namukundam (2002), the accelerated economic development programmes and the sustained high economic science growth rates in Malaysia caused the influx of foreign workers to meet the increasing demand in Malaysia labour market. The demand for foreign labour is increase continuously in tandem with economic progress.2.6 ELEMENTS THAT CAUSE THE EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGN WORKER IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYIt is too broad to dis finis each of the reason that responsible for the incoming foreign worker in construction industry. Among the reasons of the local construction industry to employ foreign worker in construction industry are as below2.6.1 paucity of workers especially in the 3D jobs (dangerous, dirty and difficult)In the point of spatial relation of local citizen, they consider and known construction job as 3Ds job. The first D refers to dirty, secondly is dangerous and last is difficult deimportee. For Malaysian, they normally select easier job. Job offer from construction except with professional knowledg e and achievement are becoming unpopular among the working population. Basically, foreign worker is place in lower end and heavier kind of job. There are solo few participants of local people to be involved in construction sector. When posen a choice, locals prefer to work under comfortable environment such as white collar work rather than work under the unstable put up.In this era of technology and industrialization, the job such as site supervisors, contractors, foreman, or general worker been regarded as difficult and risk-prone. This is because the construction project will not limited in come property, somehow, high rise property might be construct. Thus, in the discernment of locals, construction work place is much more dangerous and casualty rate is higher over site when par to other industry.The working condition in construction industry in addition poor compare to other job scope such as in service sector and manufacturing sector. The construction industry does n ot provide a not bad(predicate) image in front of locals. The poor image of construction industry include absence of job security, lack of management, lack of opportunities for career attainment has make local citizen decline to join the construction line.Foreign workers offer cheaper wagesFor employers in construction industry, they are allow to code foreign worker once they proof that effort have been done to get into local but they are conk out at last. As long as the foreign labour is allow entering and work in Malaysia, the employers contribute easily bring them to fill up the job neediness in construction sector. It is obvious that employer sewer select their workers amongst locals or foreigners. Be realistically, most of the employers are cost-conscious. MTUC president Zainal Rampak stated that employers were more inclined to apply foreign worker who were prepared to accept low wages. Foreign worker offer much lower wages compared to locals. Beside than inexpensive, t he foreign workers also possess some introductory skill in construction and will work in accordance with discipline and working hard. Therefore, most of the employers in construction industry will have preference on foreign worker.Foreign workers unforced to work for longer hoursForeign workers are the one who will accept both cheaper wages and worse terminus and conditions of employment, as their purpose is earn much money in shorter time frame. From the opinion of employer, the unexampledly arrival labour willing to accept lower wages and little attractive work conditions (Michael, 2001). They being paid lower even they perform the equivalent job as locals do. Sometimes they even perform longer hours of working time than local without blaming on it.Addition, Local Authorities Employees standstill Chairman Abdul Rahman Mahad added that besides getting cheaper labour from foreign workers, employers also hire such workers as they were ready to work longer hours (The Star, 05 August 2004). According to Tey (1997), it is believed that they are no real shortages but employers prefer aliens especially illegal ones because they can easily be exploited as they have no resource to justice in front of law. As a conclusion, the employers who willing to recruit foreign labour were interested in lower wages and the hardworking character of foreign workers.Foreign worker easy to recruitThere are only minimum requirement to be fulfil by foreign worker to take part in Malaysia construction industrys job. For foreign worker, only those who have passed the Induction Course and recognised by NVTC will be allowed to be brought into Malaysia. The Foreign Workers Orientation Course in Malaysia is a course that compulsory for all foreign workers brought in amongst 1/1/2004 and to date (M. Vivekanandan, 2008).After gone through the course, employer must ensure that foreign labour is insured with an insurance company positive to the panel of Foreign Workers hire Insurance Scheme (SPPA) which under Workmen Compensation Act 1952. For requiring of additional foreign labour, the employers need Certificate of Registration of Foreign Worker under section 60K of EA 1955. After all the cost include had been paid by the employer and the foreign worker is allow to work in Malaysia with condition that he must pass the test on FOMEMA by registered clinic.Friends or relatives work in construction industryAside from recruiting of foreign workers through Agent Company, there are some of the companies employing them through bring on of existing foreign workers at construction site. Some of the foreign workers being employ to Malaysia because of the relationship between relatives and friend. The working condition in their hometown is limited with job vacancies. Most of the foreign workers working in Malaysia with the reason to reunion with his family and meet their friends because mostly from them choose to work in other place such as Malaysia rather than stay in their hometown. This subsequently made the other foreign workers to choose Malaysia as the place they hope to go and work. Apart from that, local construction industry willing to employ them because they can save on the introducers fee and at the same time, they can recruit a well behaved foreign workers because the existing recognise relationship such as friends or relatives.Plentiful job vacancies on siteAlthough in the opinion of locals that the wages paid off by construction industry in Malaysia is considered as low and insufficient, it is in the look onpoint of foreign that the basic salary that they gain in working in Malaysia is high. Due to greater industrialisation, urbanisation of economy and higher education levels, the general youth in Malaysia community always complain and dissatisfied with the income if they work in construction sector.For locals, they will only take part and work in construction sector if they are recruiting as project manager, site engineers, archit ects and so on who earn higher income. This situation creates a lot of job vacancies on site, foreign workers has been recruited to fill the empty space. From site coordinator, carpenter, ceiling worker, bar bender, roofer, plasterer to plumber, atomic number 13 worker and painter, the job availability in construction sector is spacious and many. All of jobs mentions above are always available in all(prenominal) project construction site which offers moderate wages and opportunities to foreign workers compared to jobs in their homeland.2.7 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYConstruction industry is a sort of service- industry that form real things like residential mental synthesis, industrial facilities, infrastructure facilities and national land development (Kim, Hee Jin, 2002). This industry is comprised of a multitude of occupations, professions and organizations (Wong and Fung, 1999 Kanji and Wong, 1998 Sommerville, 1994). The complicated nature of operation has brought numerous of probl em to construction industry. In construction industry, it comprises various parties such as architect, construction engineer, design engineer, project manager, construction manager, contractors, sub-contractors and also general workers. They are involved in the different phases of a construction project, which, include feasibility, development, finance, concept development and review, estimate, detailed engineering, procurement, construction and start-up (Schultzel and Unruh, 1996). When either one of the party involved do not have co-operation or do something out of order, this will normally bring to project failure. Unlike the others industry such as manufacturing, the members of construction players usually change with each project. When different team meet together in one brand new project, their idea will be different and hence the product of construction industry is always unique and seldom mass produce.2.8 QUALITY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYAccording to Hart, 1994, the term ton us has a three-fold meaning in construction. flavor means getting the job done on time, ensuring that the basic characteristics of the final project fall within the required particularizedations and eventually it means getting the job done within budget. To achieve delicious levels of case, a project must be included three aspect that is time, satisfaction and cost. The quality of mental synthesis will be affected when either one of it did not be fulfil. When the project of construction industry has inefficient quality levels, it will reflect to great expenditures of time, cost and resource in order to make up the shortcomings. Actually, the project quality is directly associated with compliance to specifications and fitness for use.Similar to other business activities and sectors, construction industry also has a lot of competitors. The construction industry neither faced war-ridden competition at the regional level nor in world-wide level. Therefore, it has to cut down higher quality levels to ensure their position in the emerging international market.2.8.1 Quality of tradeThe construction industry is being viewed as one with poor quality emphasis compared to other sectors like the manufacturing and service sectors (Kubal, 1994 Kanji and Wong, 1998 Wong and Fung, 1999). One of the criticisms directed to the quality of mental synthesis is shoddy workmanship. The quality, cost and timely talking to of products in the construction industry very much depends on workmanship (The Hindu, 2006). Quality of workmanship can be measure through workers speciality and efficiency. The skill, experience and personal ability of the workmen go a long way in determine their quality of workmanship (COBRA, 2009). The workmanship refer to skill of workers on site during the time to processes, the peoples supervise, the substantives, the product and etc.Workmanship is skill in an occupation or trade of different workmen based on their training or profession (Adeta yo, 1995). Workmen according to Ogunmakin (2005) is the most important factor of production since it is the only factor that creates value and sets the general level of productivity. Workmen on site normally comprise of foreign workers, contractors, main craftsmen, apprentices of various trades and so on. The quality of workmanship produce by these workers is important because it is a main factor to produce quality grammatical construction. Normally, foreign workers performing all kinds of labour work that does not require specify training. According to Ogunsemi, 2002, poor quality of workmanship makes it difficult or impossible for workers to perceive and apply the concepts of quality control and limits of tolerance for building production thereby, resulting in poor construction which may lastly lead to building fall in. Quality of workmanship should be take note especially on the skill of foreign workers.2.8.2 Quality of building materialsBuilding materials are various substance or items that form the basic components of various elements of a building (COBRA, 2009). Two types of building materials can be found in construction industry that is natural occurring and mixture. Both of the building materials are prepare in adequate proportion to suit the purpose it is intended. Along the way in building construction, materials of varying shapes, sizes and amount are extensively used.The primary building materials on site are cement, sand, aggregate (of various classes), iron rods, water and timber (hard or soft wood) which is widely use in foundation works and structure works. These are referred to as star materials (Odulami, 2002) and they are usually mixed together to give different components and elements found in the erection of any building structures (COBRA, 2009). For a building with good quality, the materials used must be of some specific ultimate strength, which have been tested and certified to established its quality such as quality control (QC), q uality assurance (QA) and quality level (QL).Aside of primary building materials, glass, aluminium, ceramics and etc. is secondary importance and have wide application in construction industry. Refer to Bolaji, 2002, due care must be taken in the selection of materials either primary or secondary where improved building techniques are a exigency because both of the materials are not separable. It is on record that, good building techniques are enhanced by building materials of good quality (Adebayo, 2000). If the building materials are not properly handed or stored, they may be seriously vulnerable and effects to quality of building. Before any material should be incorporated into building works, the issue of confirmation of quality of building materials must be taking serious. This is essential to avoid situations where majority of buildings fail in meeting safety obligations to the general public which may finally result into building decay.COMPONENTS OF BUILDINGBuilding failure occurs when there is a defect in one or more elements of the building which caused by inability of the material making up the components or incapability of workmanship. This get on lead to impacts such as the building elements fall to perform its reliable function effectively and if seriously will lead to building collapse at last. A research was carried out by Bamidele (2000) and in Fadamiro (2002) , the causes of buiding collapse may be cause from natural disaster, design error, poor materials and workmanship, surgical process error and poor maintenance. Every kind of building has a aliveness and all components and elements put together to make it functional are evaluate to sustain this lifespan (Odulami, 2002).RoofingThe roof system functions as the primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building. Its form and construction should control the flow of water, air, heat and cold. A roof system must be coordinate to span crossways space and carry both its own cant and live loads such as wrap up. Roof system are the primary gravity loads for a building and its morphological layout must correspond to the wall and column systems through which its loads are transferred down to the foundation system.FlooringFloor systems are the buildings primary horizontal planes which must support live loads people, furnishings and movable equipment and dead loads- the weight of the layer construction itself. Floor systems must transfer their loads horizontally across space to either beams or columns or to bearing walls. A appal systems edge conditions and connections to supporting foundation and wall systems affect both a buildings structural integrity and its physical appearance. Floor system must safely support the moving loads. Hence, it should be relatively stiff while maintaining its elasticity. bar for outside decks, a building floor is normally not open to weather. Since they are all support traffic, however, durability, resistance to wear, a nd maintenance requirements are the factors to consider in the selections of a floor finish and the system required t support them.Wall SystemsWall systems are the vertical planes of a building which define and enclose its interior spaces. They may be bearing walls of homogeneous or composite construction, or they may be constructed of linear columns and beams with non-structural panels register between them. How these walls and columns support floor and roof systems above, and how they are supported in tun by wall and foundation systems below, are determined by the structural capability of these systems qand the types of materials and connections used. Walls can also serve as shear planes which are designed to resists lateral winds and earthquake forces.Exterior walls serve as a protective shield against the weather for a buildings interior spaces and control the transition of heat and cold, air, moisture and water vapour, which also resistant to the weathering effects of sun, w ind and rain. The interior walls which subdivide the space within a buiding may be either non-structural or load-bearing. Their construction should be able to support the desired finish materials.Doors and windowsDoors provide access into a buildings interior from the exterior and rush between interior spaces. Exterior doors should provide weather tight seals when close and maintain the approximate insulation value of the buildings exterior walls. At the same time, the doorways should be large enough to move through easily and declare the moving of furnishings and equipment. Door performance include ease of operation, requirements for privacy and security, and any need for light, ventilation, and view.There are many types and sizes of windows, the choice of which affects not only the physical appearance of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilations, view potential, and spatial quality of the buildings interior. As with exterior doors, windows should provide a weather tights seal when closed, have insulation valve, and resists the formation of condensation on their interior surfaces. Door and window units are normally factory- build, manufacturers may have standard sizes and corresponding rough-opening requirements for the various door and window types. From the exterior point of view, doors and windows are important elements in a buildings facades. The manner in which they terminate up a buildings surfaces affects the massing, visual weight, scale and articulation of the building form. conclusion workThere are severals materials and methods used to finish a buidings exterior and interior surfaces. Exterior wall surfaces should be durable and weather-resistant. Interior walls should be wear-resistant and cleanable. Floors should be durable and safe to walk on while ceilings should be relatively maintenance free. Additional factors to consider include a finish materials fire resistance, and thermal insulation value. Surface finishes have a fine influence on the aesthetic qualities of space. In the selection use of a finish material, the colour, texture, pattern and the way it meets and joins with other materials should be considered.WAY TO abate THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS THAT BRING BY INVOLVEMENT OF FOREIGN advertizeIn the past, there is always a prediction that the demand for foreign worker is going to be rise in the coming future in construction industry. To date, it is already a truth that the inflow of foreign worker into our country has achieve a high rate and the government or the private sector have the responsible to construct strategies to relegate the inflow of new foreign worker and decrease the dependency on them. Several ways has been formulated by the authority governing the industry with the assistant of construction associations to overcome the problems faced by local construction company and developer firm when dealing with the issue of foreign workers.Government encumber hiring rules of foreign labourIt i s a true where Malaysia industries is bringing more foreign worker than needed in the country and the government has to plug loopholes that cause the oversupply. Drastic measurements has adopted by the government and for most recently consequence is the amnesty programme that done by government to repatriate the immigrant workers especially illegal immigrants. As we all know, the foreign workers were needed to fill the shortage of local supply but it is not a long term measure to enable employers to cut cost. Hence, s